Twisted string actuators: Comprehensive review on modeling, design innovations, application advances, and future challenges

Twisted string actuators (TSAs) have emerged as a promising class of soft actuators with diverse applications in fields such as robotics, biomedical engineering, and wearable technology. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in TSA technology, discusses the challenges associated with their implementation, and explores potential future directions in research and development. Key topics covered include the working principles and mathematical models of TSAs, design solutions, materials selection, fabrication techniques, control, applications, limitations, and avenues for further innovation. By examining the current state of TSA research, this article aims to stimulate discussion and inspire new avenues of exploration in this exciting field.