Electronic properties of mononuclear, dinuclear, and polynuclear cobaltacarboranes: Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies

Electronic interactions and metal−metal communication in a wide range of cobaltacarborane−hydrocarbon complexes containing one to six metal centers, and exhibiting a variety of modes of inter-cage connectivity and molecular architectures, have been investigated via cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential coulometry, and UV−visible spectroelectrochemistry. The properties of mixed-valent CoIII/CoIV and CoII/CoIII species that are generated on oxidation or reduction of dinuclear and polynuclear CoIII complexes were examined and classified as Robin-Day Class I (localized), Class II (partially delocalized), or Class III (fully delocalized) systems. The extent of metal−metal communication between metallacarborane cage units is strongly influenced by the type of intercage connection (e.g., cage B−B or Cp−Cp); the vertexes involved (equatorial vs apical); the nature of the linking unit, if any; and the presence of substituents on the carborane cages. In multi-tripledecker complexes where three CpCo(C2B3H4)CoCp units are linked through a central triethynyl benzene connector, the data suggest that Co−Co electronic communication is extensive (Class III) within individual sandwich units while intersandwich delocalization is weak or absent. An extended Hückel study of CpCoC2B4H6 double-decker and CpCo(C2B3H5)CoCp triple-decker sandwich model complexes shows significant differences in the orbital contributions involved in the HOMO and LUMO of the former vs the latter type. The calculations afford additional insight into the electronic structures and properties of these systems as elucidated by the experimental studies.