TINNITUS. A Non-invasive Neuromodulatory Perspective

Purpose of the Review: Chronic tinnitus affects millions of people worldwide, but it remains an unmet clinical problem, particularly from a therapeutic perspective. Recent Findings: Neuroimaging and neurophysiological investigations have consistently unveiled that tinnitus can be considered as a form of maladaptive plasticity taking place not only in primary and associative auditory areas but also involving large-scale brain networks. Based on these premises, treatment strategies that aim to manipulate in a controllable way plastic capabilities of the brain are being under investigation as emerging treatments. Summary: here, we review the rationale for using so called Non-Invasive Brain stimulation (NiBS) techniques, such as navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) or peripheral stimulations, to alleviate tinnitus. We also provide an overview of available clinical results of these various non-invasive neuromodulatory approaches, trying to identify how to translate their unquestionable therapeutic potential into real-life contexts, beyond the lab boundaries.