Probing the Rhodopsin Cavity with Reduced Retinal Models at the CASPT2//CASSCF/AMBER Level of Theory

We show that the ab initio CASPT2//CASSCF strategy previously used to investigate the ground and excited states of the chromophore of the vision receptor rhodopsin (Rh) in vacuo can be successfully implemented in a QM/MM scheme allowing for CASPT2//CASSCF/AMBER geometry optimization and excited state property evaluation in proteins. Two receptor models (Rh-1 and Rh-2) incorporating different reduced chromophores are investigated. It is shown that Rh-2 features a chromophore equilibrium structure with the correct helicity and a λmax that is only 52 nm blue-shifted from the observed value. This result should open the way to a qualitatively correct ab initio QM/MM modeling of the early excited state transient species involved in the vision process. Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society.