Commonly, folds are interpreted as crustal shortening-related structures. However, in the past few decades, many examples of extension-related folds have been described. The earliest examples of folding during horizontal extension are represented by upright open folds associated to listric normal fault activity such as roll-over folds or buoyancy-related folding of detachment footwalls (HARRIS et alii, 2002 and references therein). Examples of extension-related folds showing close geometry and accompanied by subhorizontal axial planar foliation have been mainly described from mylonite zones along extensional detachments or within deep structural levels of collapsed orogens (DIRKS et alii, 1997; HARRIS et alii, 2002). Only few examples of folds characterized by subhorizontal axial plane and found in low-grade metamorphic rocks have been interpreted as extension-related structures (FROITZHEIM, 1992; BURG et alii, 1996; OROZCO et alii, 1998). Amongst the latter, remarkable cases have been described in both unmetamorphosed and low-grade metamorphic terrains of the Tuscan Apennines (CARMIGNANI et alii, 1993; ELTER & SANDRELLI, 1994; CAMPETTI et alii, 1999; LIOTTA, 2002). A detailed structural analysis of the Pseudoverrucano Unit at Punta delle Rocchette (fig. 1), southwestern Tuscany, Italy, reveals a complex kinematic evolution for well-exposed marly limestones and shales of the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. of Middle Liassic age (DECANDIA & LAZZAROTTO, 1980 and references therein). These rocks, deformed under very-low metamorphic conditions (LEONI et alii, 1993), are affected by W-verging, asymmetrical chevron folds that were first recognized by FAZZINI & PAREA (1966). The folds are characterized by horizontal to moderately ESE-dipping axial surfaces and sub-horizontal, NNE trending axes. These structures are intimately associated to W-dipping, low-angle normal faults cutting across the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. and small stepped faults cutting across the fold reverse limbs. The latter are mainly isolated, but occasionally they are linked to form extensional duplex structures with an overall top-to-the-west sense of shear (fig. 2). Low-angle normal faults trend parallel to fold axes, and are cut by a set of highangle normal faults. Both normal fault sets are parallel in trend and dip, and are kinematically consistent to all previously described structures. The NNE trending high-angle normal faults separate the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. from the conformably underlying Upper Triassic Clastic basal Fm. (Pseudoverrucano s.s.) to the east, and from Upper Oligocene Macigno costiero Fm. and other terrains of the unmetamorphosed Falda Toscana Unit, to the west (fig. 3). Because of the close geometric and kinematic consistency between folds, low-angle and high-angle normal faults, it seems reasonable that folding of the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. was due to vertical shortening (i.e. flattening) accompanied by top-to-the-west shear. Detailed examination of the deformation fabrics associated with each recognised class of structures reveals that folding was dominantly ductile, whereas low-angle and high-angle normal faults were developed under brittle-ductile and brittle deformation conditions, respectively. Folds, low-angle and high-angle normal faults may thus represent the effects of distinct episodes, or probably of distinct stages of a single episode of W-directed extension. The extensional folds described at Punta delle Rocchette may just be a manifestation of local deformations; however, the geometrical consistency of these structures with other fold systems reported from scattered outcrops of western Tuscany indicate that they are probably related to processes of regional, rather than local, tectonic importance. Irrespective of the driving force that was responsible for the development of these extensional deformations (syn-collisional back-sliding, late/post-collisional extension etc), the folds described in this study represent a further example of asymmetric extension-related folding of very low-grade metamorphic rocks.

Comunemente le pieghe sono interpretate come il ri- sultato di deformazioni caratterizzate da raccorciamenti orizzontali tipiche di regimi compressivi. Tuttavia, duran- te gli ultimi decenni sono stati descritti diversi esempi di pieghe sviluppate in regimi estensionali caratterizzati invece da raccorciamenti verticali ed estensione orizzontale. I primi esempi di piegamento collegato a estensione orizzontale riportati in letteratura sono rappresentati da pieghe aperte con piano assiale sub-verticale sviluppate in seguito all’attività di faglie listriche come pieghe di tipo roll-over oppure al piegamento per riequilibrio isostatico del letto di faglie a basso angolo di importanza regionale. Altri esempi di pieghe sviluppate a seguito di estensione orizzontale con profilo da chiuso a isoclinale e accompagnate dallo sviluppo di una foliazione di piano assiale sub-orizzontale sono state per lo più descritte all’interno di zone milonitiche nel let- to di importanti faglie a basso angolo od in rocce appartenenti a livelli strutturali profondi. Più rari sono invece gli esempi di pieghe caratterizzate da piano assiale sub-orizzontale, descritte all’interno di rocce non metamorfiche o affette da metamorfismo di basso e bassissimo grado in livelli strut- turali poco profondi; strutture di questo tipo sono state interpretate come pieghe sviluppate a seguito di deformazioni estensionali. Tra questi alcuni esempi notevoli sono stati segnalati in rocce non metamorfiche e di basso grado metamorfico dell’Appennino toscano. L’analisi strutturale di dettaglio dell’Unità dello Pseudoverrucano, affiorante in località Punta delle Rocchette (Toscana meridionale), ha messo in evidenza un’evoluzione cinematica complessa della Formazione calcareo-marnosa di Punta delle Rocchette di età Liassica. Queste rocce, interessate da metamorfismo di basso grado, sono deformate da pieghe di tipo chevron asimmetriche con vergenza occidentale già riconosciute. Le pieghe sono caratterizzate da superfici assiali orizzontali o solo debolmente inclinate verso ESE e assi sub-orizzontali con direzione media NNE.

Casini, G., Tavarnelli, E. (2007). West-directed deformations within the Pseudoverrucano Unit, SW Tuscany, Italy: An example of extensional folding? [Pieghe con vergenza occidentale nell'Unità dello Pseudoverrucano, Toscana meridionale: un esempio di deformazione distensiva?]. RENDICONTI DELLA SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA, 4, 195-197.

West-directed deformations within the Pseudoverrucano Unit, SW Tuscany, Italy: An example of extensional folding? [Pieghe con vergenza occidentale nell'Unità dello Pseudoverrucano, Toscana meridionale: un esempio di deformazione distensiva?]

CASINI, G.;TAVARNELLI, E.
2007-01-01

Abstract

Commonly, folds are interpreted as crustal shortening-related structures. However, in the past few decades, many examples of extension-related folds have been described. The earliest examples of folding during horizontal extension are represented by upright open folds associated to listric normal fault activity such as roll-over folds or buoyancy-related folding of detachment footwalls (HARRIS et alii, 2002 and references therein). Examples of extension-related folds showing close geometry and accompanied by subhorizontal axial planar foliation have been mainly described from mylonite zones along extensional detachments or within deep structural levels of collapsed orogens (DIRKS et alii, 1997; HARRIS et alii, 2002). Only few examples of folds characterized by subhorizontal axial plane and found in low-grade metamorphic rocks have been interpreted as extension-related structures (FROITZHEIM, 1992; BURG et alii, 1996; OROZCO et alii, 1998). Amongst the latter, remarkable cases have been described in both unmetamorphosed and low-grade metamorphic terrains of the Tuscan Apennines (CARMIGNANI et alii, 1993; ELTER & SANDRELLI, 1994; CAMPETTI et alii, 1999; LIOTTA, 2002). A detailed structural analysis of the Pseudoverrucano Unit at Punta delle Rocchette (fig. 1), southwestern Tuscany, Italy, reveals a complex kinematic evolution for well-exposed marly limestones and shales of the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. of Middle Liassic age (DECANDIA & LAZZAROTTO, 1980 and references therein). These rocks, deformed under very-low metamorphic conditions (LEONI et alii, 1993), are affected by W-verging, asymmetrical chevron folds that were first recognized by FAZZINI & PAREA (1966). The folds are characterized by horizontal to moderately ESE-dipping axial surfaces and sub-horizontal, NNE trending axes. These structures are intimately associated to W-dipping, low-angle normal faults cutting across the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. and small stepped faults cutting across the fold reverse limbs. The latter are mainly isolated, but occasionally they are linked to form extensional duplex structures with an overall top-to-the-west sense of shear (fig. 2). Low-angle normal faults trend parallel to fold axes, and are cut by a set of highangle normal faults. Both normal fault sets are parallel in trend and dip, and are kinematically consistent to all previously described structures. The NNE trending high-angle normal faults separate the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. from the conformably underlying Upper Triassic Clastic basal Fm. (Pseudoverrucano s.s.) to the east, and from Upper Oligocene Macigno costiero Fm. and other terrains of the unmetamorphosed Falda Toscana Unit, to the west (fig. 3). Because of the close geometric and kinematic consistency between folds, low-angle and high-angle normal faults, it seems reasonable that folding of the Punta delle Rocchette Fm. was due to vertical shortening (i.e. flattening) accompanied by top-to-the-west shear. Detailed examination of the deformation fabrics associated with each recognised class of structures reveals that folding was dominantly ductile, whereas low-angle and high-angle normal faults were developed under brittle-ductile and brittle deformation conditions, respectively. Folds, low-angle and high-angle normal faults may thus represent the effects of distinct episodes, or probably of distinct stages of a single episode of W-directed extension. The extensional folds described at Punta delle Rocchette may just be a manifestation of local deformations; however, the geometrical consistency of these structures with other fold systems reported from scattered outcrops of western Tuscany indicate that they are probably related to processes of regional, rather than local, tectonic importance. Irrespective of the driving force that was responsible for the development of these extensional deformations (syn-collisional back-sliding, late/post-collisional extension etc), the folds described in this study represent a further example of asymmetric extension-related folding of very low-grade metamorphic rocks.
2007
Casini, G., Tavarnelli, E. (2007). West-directed deformations within the Pseudoverrucano Unit, SW Tuscany, Italy: An example of extensional folding? [Pieghe con vergenza occidentale nell'Unità dello Pseudoverrucano, Toscana meridionale: un esempio di deformazione distensiva?]. RENDICONTI DELLA SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA, 4, 195-197.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/398922