Binucleate and biflagellate spermatozoa in Tricholepidion gertschi Wygodzinsky (Insecta, Zygentoma)

The phenomenon of sperm pairing is known from some species of the apterygotan insect order Zygentoma, and has been described as the close apposition of two sperm cells. When released from the testes, they are single cells; pairing taking place in the deferent ducts. In a study of the relic species Tricholepidion gertschi, Zygentoma, sperm pairing was found to be due to a true fusion of two partners along their entire sperm head regions. The spermatozoon thus formed has two acrosomes, two nuclei and two separate sperm tails. The biflagellate spermatozoon swims with coordinated movements of its two flagella only when the two flagella lie close together but is totally uncoordinated when separate. The spermatozoon is about 50 mm long, thus much shorter than those of related apterygotan species. The mechanism of sperm cell fusion is unclear, although it appears that a 55-nm wide layer of electron dense substance, here termed the peripheral lamina, may play a role in delimiting the extent of sperm fusion.