This paper examines the intricate subject of how individuals in positions of political authority responded to the 'need for justice' articulated by the most vulnerable. This analysis is conducted through a specific source and a case study, focusing on the period between the 13th and 14th centuries. The objective of this study is to examine the manner in which the identification of a disadvantaged condition was translated into a set of regulations and procedures that foreshadowed the establishment of legal safeguards for the pauperes (poor). The term 'pauper' is indeed ambiguous and can be considered a sociological concept that has been used to categorise and contain nuanced and differentiated conditions. In the context of extensive research in this area, including recent studies on social inequalities and the forms of assistance for the needy that have been developed by urban communities, this paper focuses on the practice of certifying poverty in judicial courts. This is, in fact, one of the most significant processes of classification, registration and social categorisation through specific apodisse paupertatis. These bills were issued by the municipal treasury, and the payment of a sum of money was required, which attested to the applicant's state of poverty on the basis of a sworn declaration proven by two witnesses. The production of apodisse paupertatis was linked to a form of exemption that was provided for by the statutes. This exemption was granted in instances where the applicant responded to the summons to court without presenting the due and necessary sureties (fideiussores). The guarantors played a pivotal role in facilitating the procedural process by ensuring the disbursement of the fine and the expenses incurred by the accused. Consequently, we can ask what political objectives the legislator aimed to achieve by proposing this favour towards the poor. What were the results?
All’interno del vasto quadrante problematico relativo alle modalità con cui i detentori del potere politico risposero al ‘bisogno di giustizia’ espresso dai più deboli, il contributo - facendo leva su un caso di studio e una nicchia documentaria circoscritta, Siena fra XIII e XIV secolo - si propone di indagare in quali modi il riconoscimento di una condizione di svantaggio si tradusse in norme e procedure che prefigurassero una qualche forma di tutela giudiziaria per i pauperes. Un termine ambiguo, un’anfora sociologica che servì a modellare e contenere, come noto, la liquidità di condizioni straordinariamente sfumate e differenziate. Nel solco di piste ben solcate dalla ricerca, anche recente, che hanno messo al centro il tema delle diseguaglianze sociali, delle forme di assistenza e aiuto verso i bisognosi sviluppate dalle comunità urbane, dei processi di classificazione, registrazione e categorizzazione sociale, il contributo si concentra precipuamente sulla pratica di ‘certificazione’ della povertà in sede processuale. La produzione di apodisse paupertatis (polizze rilasciate dalla tesoreria comunale, contestualmente al versamento di una somma di denaro, che attestavano sulla base di una dichiarazione giurata comprovata da due testimoni lo stato di povertà del richiedente) si collegava ad una forma di esenzione prevista dagli statuti: rispondere alla chiamata in tribunale senza presentare le dovute e necessarie garanzie fideiussorie. I fideiussori erano una mediazione necessaria ed ineliminabile della procedura: garantivano l’esborso della pena pecuniaria e delle spese in cui incorreva l’imputato. Quali erano gli obiettivi (politici) che il legislatore intese perseguire prospettando questa forma di favor verso i pauperes? E quali ne furono gli esiti?
Mucciarelli, R. (2025). A proposito di giustizia e povertà nell’Italia comunale. Un testimone documentario: l’apodissa paupertatis a Siena (prime analisi). ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANO, 183(686), 653-692.
A proposito di giustizia e povertà nell’Italia comunale. Un testimone documentario: l’apodissa paupertatis a Siena (prime analisi)
Roberta Mucciarelli
2025-01-01
Abstract
This paper examines the intricate subject of how individuals in positions of political authority responded to the 'need for justice' articulated by the most vulnerable. This analysis is conducted through a specific source and a case study, focusing on the period between the 13th and 14th centuries. The objective of this study is to examine the manner in which the identification of a disadvantaged condition was translated into a set of regulations and procedures that foreshadowed the establishment of legal safeguards for the pauperes (poor). The term 'pauper' is indeed ambiguous and can be considered a sociological concept that has been used to categorise and contain nuanced and differentiated conditions. In the context of extensive research in this area, including recent studies on social inequalities and the forms of assistance for the needy that have been developed by urban communities, this paper focuses on the practice of certifying poverty in judicial courts. This is, in fact, one of the most significant processes of classification, registration and social categorisation through specific apodisse paupertatis. These bills were issued by the municipal treasury, and the payment of a sum of money was required, which attested to the applicant's state of poverty on the basis of a sworn declaration proven by two witnesses. The production of apodisse paupertatis was linked to a form of exemption that was provided for by the statutes. This exemption was granted in instances where the applicant responded to the summons to court without presenting the due and necessary sureties (fideiussores). The guarantors played a pivotal role in facilitating the procedural process by ensuring the disbursement of the fine and the expenses incurred by the accused. Consequently, we can ask what political objectives the legislator aimed to achieve by proposing this favour towards the poor. What were the results?| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1306154
