Extending the Rock Cycle to a Cosmic Scale

The rock cycle, a cornerstone of geosciences, describes rock formation and transformation on Earth. However, this Earth-centric view overlooks the broader history of rock evolution across the cosmos, with two fundamental limitations: (i) Earth-centric paradigms that ignore extraterrestrial lithogenesis, excluding cosmically significant rocks and processes, and (ii) disciplinary fragmentation between geological and astrophysical sciences, from the micro- to the macroscale. This review proposes an extension of the rock cycle concept to a cosmic scale, exploring the origin of rocks and their evolution from interstellar space, through the aggregation of solid materials in protoplanetary disks, and their subsequent evolution on planetary bodies. Through systematic analysis of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes occurring beyond Earth, we identify four major domains in which distinct dynamics govern the rock cycle, each reworking rocks with domain-specific characteristics: (1) stellar and nebular dynamics, (2) protoplanetary disk dynamics, (3) asteroidal dynamics, and (4) planetary dynamics. Here we propose the cosmic rock cycle as a new epistemic tool that could transform interdisciplinary research and geoscience education. This perspective reveals Earth's rock cycle as a rare and invaluable subset of rock genesis in the cosmos.