Traditional agroforestry systems in Europe revisited: a systematic review

Traditional agroforestry systems (TAFs) in Europe represent an interface between agriculture and biodiversity conservation, being able to offer sustainable production while supporting diverse ecosystems often with unique species assemblages. This systematic review synthesises research on TAFs conducted between 1992 and 2024 using the PRISMA methodology. We analysed 232 studies to assess TAFs types, their distribution, biodiversity significance, and ecosystem services’ contributions across Europe. The findings highlight regional variations, with dehesa/montado systems dominating Southern Europe and traditional orchards and wood pastures being prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe. Our review gives evidence that TAFs provide multifaceted ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility enhancement, water regulation, and cultural heritage preservation. Additionally, TAFs harbour a rich biodiversity, particularly among vascular plants, birds, and insects, whose ecological roles are pivotal to the ecological functioning of these systems. Despite their significance, studies indicate that a decline in economic viability and changing land-use patterns have threatened the future of TAFs. This review emphasises the need for innovative management practices that integrate traditional knowledge, alongside political and public support, to ensure the long-term conservation and restoration of TAFs in Europe.