Magnetic nanoparticles as a promising antimicrobial agent for combating multidrug resistant bacteria: a review

Modern medicine has relied heavily on antibiotics to efficiently treat bacterial infections that were previously fatal. However, since the global rise in antibiotic resistance currently poses a danger to the effectiveness of many of these medications, there is an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. The mechanisms and historical relevance of antibiotic action are discussed, along with the multifactorial causes of resistance and the possible applications of nanotechnology—specifically, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)—to these issues. High surface area, magnetic responsiveness, and functionalization potential are some of the unique characteristics that MNPs offer and can be used to boost antibacterial activity. In addition to increasing MNPs’ stability and bioavailability, surface modification using stabilizing agents such as citric acid, chitosan, and olive oil expands their uses in targeted antibacterial therapy, drug delivery, and environmental remediation. In addition, the synthesis techniques, antibacterial characteristics, and particular advantages and disadvantages of MNPs are discussed in contrast to traditional antibiotics. This review aims to simplify complex concepts in the MNP field, making them accessible to scientists across disciplines while offering insights into the synthesis, antibacterial properties, and potential of MNPs as innovative solutions to combat antibiotic resistance. In summary, this review seeks to particular attention is given to future perspectives, including emerging trends like lab-on-a-chip technologies and biosensors, which require further investigation.