Towards sponge landscapes through citizen science: participatory monitoring for nature-based solutions in the Ombrone River Basin

‘Sponge’ and ‘nature-based solutions’ (NBS) provide innovative methodologies for managing river corridors and enhancing ecological resilience. Recent participatory initiatives in the Ombrone River Basin have been analysed, wherein participatory monitoring approaches have been utilised to evaluate, conserve, and restore river ecosystems and biodiversity. By elucidating the prospects and challenges encountered during these participatory initiatives, this study provides insights for policymakers, scientists, and planners to transform monitoring activities into practical sponge strategies. The findings emphasise the necessity of a holistic approach to sponge studies and underscore the potential and challenges of citizen science in developing sponge measures and re-evaluating river agreements.