La pandemia COVID-19, che ha colpito milioni di soggetti nel mondo, è anche associata a complicanze cardiovascolari, come trombosi venose ed arteriose. La proteina spike virale, infatti, può promuovere il rilascio di mediatori protrombotici e proinfiammatori. I vaccini, che codificano tale proteina, sono la strada principale per prevenire il COVID-19. Tuttavia, alcuni inaspettati eventi trombotici in siti inusuali, come i circoli venosi cerebrale o splancnico, sono stati osservati in soggetti, specie donne fertili, che hanno ricevuto vaccini basati su adenovirus. Questa entità clinica è stata riconosciuta come una nuova sindrome, denominata trombocitopenia trombotica immune associata a vaccini, probabilmente causata da anticorpi cross-reagenti contro il fattore piastrinico 4 attivanti le piastrine. Ciò ha portato diverse agenzie regolatorie nazionali a restringere l’uso di tali vaccini a determinati gruppi di età. L’opinione prevalente di molti esperti, comunque, è che il rischio di sviluppare il COVID-19 e la conseguente trombosi sopravanzi chiaramente tale piccolo rischio. Questa rassegna vuole fornire una revisione approfondita di temi epidemiologici, dati clinici ed ipotesi patogenetiche sulla trombosi correlata sia al COVID-19 sia ai vaccini, aiutando i cardiologi ad offrire un counseling aggiornato e basato sulle evidenze ai loro pazienti con sindromi coronariche acute e croniche
COVID-19, a deadly pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide, is also associated with cardiovascular complications, such as venous and arterial thromboembolic events. The viral spike protein, in fact, may promote the release of prothrombotic and inflammatory mediators. Vaccines, coding for the spike protein, are the primary measure for preventing COVID-19. However, some unexpected thrombotic events at unusual sites, most frequently the cerebral venous and splanchnic districts, with associated thrombocytopenia, have emerged in subjects who received adenovirus-based vaccines, especially in fertile women. This clinical entity has been rapidly recognized as a new syndrome, named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, probably caused by cross-reacting antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies activating platelets. This prompted the regulatory agencies of various countries to restrict the use of adenovirus-based vaccines to specific age groups. The prevailing opinion of most experts, however, is that the risk of developing COVID-19 disease, including thrombosis, clearly outweighs this potential extremely low risk. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review of epidemiological issues, clinical data and pathogenetic hypotheses of thrombosis linked to both COVID-19 and its vaccines, helping cardiologists to offer an up-to-date and evidence-based counseling to their often-alarmed patients with acute or chronic coronary syndromes.
Abrignani, M.G., Murrone, A., De Luca, L., Roncon, L., Lenarda, A.D., Valente, S., et al. (2021). COVID-19, vaccines, and thrombotic events [COVID-19, vaccini ed eventi trombotici]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI CARDIOLOGIA, 22(12), 969-980 [10.1714/3698.36874].
COVID-19, vaccines, and thrombotic events [COVID-19, vaccini ed eventi trombotici]
Valente S.;
2021-01-01
Abstract
COVID-19, a deadly pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide, is also associated with cardiovascular complications, such as venous and arterial thromboembolic events. The viral spike protein, in fact, may promote the release of prothrombotic and inflammatory mediators. Vaccines, coding for the spike protein, are the primary measure for preventing COVID-19. However, some unexpected thrombotic events at unusual sites, most frequently the cerebral venous and splanchnic districts, with associated thrombocytopenia, have emerged in subjects who received adenovirus-based vaccines, especially in fertile women. This clinical entity has been rapidly recognized as a new syndrome, named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, probably caused by cross-reacting antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies activating platelets. This prompted the regulatory agencies of various countries to restrict the use of adenovirus-based vaccines to specific age groups. The prevailing opinion of most experts, however, is that the risk of developing COVID-19 disease, including thrombosis, clearly outweighs this potential extremely low risk. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review of epidemiological issues, clinical data and pathogenetic hypotheses of thrombosis linked to both COVID-19 and its vaccines, helping cardiologists to offer an up-to-date and evidence-based counseling to their often-alarmed patients with acute or chronic coronary syndromes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1280094
