Cardiac amyloidosis, in the three forms of immunoglobulin light chain (AL), transthyretin (ATTR) wild type (ATTRwt) and mutated (ATTRv) amyloidosis, is an increasingly known and recognized disease in the cardiovascular setting. The first stage of the patient’s journey is the clinical suspicion of the disease, which is placed, in presence of a hypertrophic phenotype, by the identification of red flags, both extracardiac and cardiac clues whose presence increase the probability of being faced with a patient with this disease. The second stage is represented by diagnosis, which occurs with certainty through the identification of amyloid substance in cardiac tissue. This stage is spotted in wo parts, i.e. disease confirmation and disease etiology definition (AL vs ATTRwt vs ATTRv). However, it is possible in some selected cases to make a diagnosis of ATTR without the need for tissue assessment, in presence of a positive grade 2-3 bisphosphonate scintigraphy and absence of monoclonal component. Once the diagnosis has been made, the third stage is the assessment of prognosis, the fourth is the patient therapy pathway and fifth is the follow-up plan. Prognosis evaluation is based on different staging systems at the onset of the disease, whose applicability in the era of new effective therapies is still to be defined. To date, the transthyretin tetramer stabilizer tafamidis is the only approved treatment for both wild-type and mutant ATTR cardiomyopathy without polyneuropathy, while ATTRv with associated neuropathy can benefit from treatment with patisiran, an inhibitor of hepatic protein synthesis. Therapies for complications and comorbidities, must be addressed individually, due to the lack of specific clinical trials on this category of patients. In fact, it is important to take into consideration the risks linked to the use of some drugs due to the infiltration of the conduction tissue by the amyloid substance, which increases the risk of bradycardia and heart blocks, the tendency towards hypotension and the increased thromboembolic risk. It is also essential to follow the course of the disease and the efficacy of the treatment in affected patients with a standardized follow-up, and to identify early the signs/symptoms of the disease in asymptomatic TTR mutation carriers. This ANMCO position paper on amyloidosis aims to provide the clinical cardiologist with a practical summary of the disease, to accompany the patient with amyloidosis in the various stages of his journey.
L’amiloidosi cardiaca, nelle tre forme di amiloidosi a catene leggere immunoglobuliniche (AL), transtiretina (ATTR) wild type (ATTRwt) e mutata (ATTRv), è una malattia sempre più conosciuta e riconosciuta in ambito cardiovascolare. La prima tappa del viaggio del paziente con amiloidosi è il sospetto clinico che viene posto, in pazienti con una cardiomiopatia a fenotipo ipertrofico, dall’identificazione di “red flags”, indizi sia extracardiaci che cardiaci la cui presenza aumenta la probabilità di trovarsi di fronte ad un paziente affetto da questa malattia. La seconda tappa è rappresentata dalla diagnosi, che avviene con certezza attraverso l’identificazione della sostanza amiloide nel tessuto cardiaco. Questa fase consta di due parti, vale a dire la conferma della malattia e la definizione dell’eziologia della malattia (AL vs ATTRwt vs ATTRv). È possibile in alcuni casi selezionati fare diagnosi di ATTR senza bisogno di un accertamento tissutale, in presenza di una scintigrafia con difosfonati positiva di grado 2 e 3 e l’assenza di una componente monoclonale. Una volta fatta la diagnosi, la terza fase è la valutazione della prognosi, la quarta è il percorso terapeutico del paziente e la quinta è il piano di follow-up. La valutazione della prognosi si basa su diversi sistemi di stadiazione all’esordio della malattia, la cui applicabilità nell’era delle nuove terapie efficaci è ancora da definire. Ad oggi, lo stabilizzatore del tetramero transtiretina tafamidis è l’unico trattamento approvato per la cardiomiopatia ATTR wild-type e mutante senza polineuropatia, mentre ATTRv con neuropatia associata può trarre beneficio dal trattamento con patisiran, un inibitore della sintesi proteica epatica. Le terapie per complicanze e comorbilità devono essere affrontate individualmente, a causa della mancanza di studi clinici specifici su questa categoria di pazienti. Infatti, è importante tenere in considerazione i rischi legati all’uso di alcuni farmaci dovuti all’infiltrazione del tessuto di conduzione da parte della sostanza amiloide, che aumenta il rischio di bradicardia e blocchi cardiaci, la tendenza all’ipotensione e l’aumentato rischio tromboembolico. È inoltre essenziale seguire il decorso della malattia e l’efficacia del trattamento nei pazienti affetti con un follow-up standardizzato e identificare precocemente i segni/sintomi della malattia nei portatori asintomatici della mutazione TTR. Questo position paper ANMCO sull’amiloidosi si propone di fornire al cardiologo clinico una sintesi pratica della gestione clinica della malattia per accompagnare il paziente con amiloidosi nelle varie tappe del suo percorso.
Chimenti, C., Grego, S., Di Fusco, S., De Luca, L., Caldarola, P., Cannillo, M., et al. (2023). ANMCO Position Paper: Amyloidosis for the clinical cardiologist. A "clinical primer" from the ANMCO Rare Disease Working Group [Position paper ANMCO: L’amiloidosi per il cardiologo clinico. Un “clinical primer” dell’Area Malattie Rare ANMCO]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI CARDIOLOGIA, 24(2), 127-135 [10.1714/3963.39421].
ANMCO Position Paper: Amyloidosis for the clinical cardiologist. A "clinical primer" from the ANMCO Rare Disease Working Group [Position paper ANMCO: L’amiloidosi per il cardiologo clinico. Un “clinical primer” dell’Area Malattie Rare ANMCO]
Valente S.;
2023-01-01
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis, in the three forms of immunoglobulin light chain (AL), transthyretin (ATTR) wild type (ATTRwt) and mutated (ATTRv) amyloidosis, is an increasingly known and recognized disease in the cardiovascular setting. The first stage of the patient’s journey is the clinical suspicion of the disease, which is placed, in presence of a hypertrophic phenotype, by the identification of red flags, both extracardiac and cardiac clues whose presence increase the probability of being faced with a patient with this disease. The second stage is represented by diagnosis, which occurs with certainty through the identification of amyloid substance in cardiac tissue. This stage is spotted in wo parts, i.e. disease confirmation and disease etiology definition (AL vs ATTRwt vs ATTRv). However, it is possible in some selected cases to make a diagnosis of ATTR without the need for tissue assessment, in presence of a positive grade 2-3 bisphosphonate scintigraphy and absence of monoclonal component. Once the diagnosis has been made, the third stage is the assessment of prognosis, the fourth is the patient therapy pathway and fifth is the follow-up plan. Prognosis evaluation is based on different staging systems at the onset of the disease, whose applicability in the era of new effective therapies is still to be defined. To date, the transthyretin tetramer stabilizer tafamidis is the only approved treatment for both wild-type and mutant ATTR cardiomyopathy without polyneuropathy, while ATTRv with associated neuropathy can benefit from treatment with patisiran, an inhibitor of hepatic protein synthesis. Therapies for complications and comorbidities, must be addressed individually, due to the lack of specific clinical trials on this category of patients. In fact, it is important to take into consideration the risks linked to the use of some drugs due to the infiltration of the conduction tissue by the amyloid substance, which increases the risk of bradycardia and heart blocks, the tendency towards hypotension and the increased thromboembolic risk. It is also essential to follow the course of the disease and the efficacy of the treatment in affected patients with a standardized follow-up, and to identify early the signs/symptoms of the disease in asymptomatic TTR mutation carriers. This ANMCO position paper on amyloidosis aims to provide the clinical cardiologist with a practical summary of the disease, to accompany the patient with amyloidosis in the various stages of his journey.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1280055