Mild hypothermia for expanded criteria kidney donors: balancing evidence and uncertainty

would reflect an increased degree of ongoing epithelial remodelling that is reflected by a specific pattern of biomarkers. The finding that antifibrotic use did raises the possibility that current pulmonary fibrosis therapies (or those in development) might exhibit heterogeneity of treatment effect across disease endotypes. Could endotype case-mix differences explain why some therapies that appeared promising in early-phase trials failed to show benefit in phase 3 studies? Additional study will be required to ascertain whether biomarker-defined endotypes should be used as stratifying or enriching variables in future clinical trials and to establish the feasibility of this strategy for precision therapy development in pulmonary fibrosis.