In 1904, the XII Congress of the Italian Phreniatric Society (30 years later, it would be named the Italian Psychiatric Society) debated the question of whether the neurosciences should constitute an independent field from psychiatry. Three years later, the Italian Society of Neurology was established and was presided over by Leonardo Bianchi (1848–1927), a Member of Parliament, physician, and Professor of the Clinic of Nervous and Mental Diseases at the University of Naples. His pupil, Onofrio Fragnito (1871–1959), despite having a passion for histology and general physiology, which were taught by Giovanni Paladino (1842–1917), decided to follow the discipline of Bianchi, whom he considered his mentor. After a few years at the University of Sassari, Fragnito was appointed clinical professor of nervous and mental diseases at the University of Siena. He remained in Siena from 1912 to 1924, where he also held the positions of Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and Rector. After leaving Siena for Catania, he subsequently moved to Naples in 1927 on the death of his master. During his years in Siena, Fragnito personally witnessed the separation between psychiatric studies and neurological studies; the former remained in the city asylum, while the latter were transferred to the new clinic that was set up within the polyclinic of the university. Fragnito was the first professor to devote himself entirely to university research without simultaneously holding the position of Director of the Asylum. He made such a choice in the wake of his master's teachings and with the support and approval of the President of the "Hospital Commission", the Sienese Luigi Simonetta, a future senator of the Italian Kingdom, and of the hygienist Achille Sclavo. This choice further increased the distance between psychiatry and neurology; while psychiatry was relegated to the Asylum, which was destined to become an increasingly important institute for chronic illness, neurology exploited university research into acute cases and cases of scientific interest. In this setting, Fragnito carried out research on young men traumatized by war who were hospitalized in the Sienese Neurological Center for nervous injuries. As a result of this research, knowledge of the physiology and pathology of the nervous system was updated, as were the studies on encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) conducted by Fragnito himself. By looking at Onofrio Fragnito and his work, the authors trace the difficult pathway that led to the separation of neurology from psychiatry, whereby the neuropsychiatry clinic would become a place of research and the asylum a facility for chronically ill patients. This was the beginning of a long process that led the asylum to lose its function of study and research into mental illness, thus initiating the slow decline of this institution.
Nel 1904, al XII congresso della Società Freniatrica Italiana (30 anni dopo tale Società scientifica assumerà il nome di Società Psichiatrica Italiana) si pone la questione di uno sviluppo autonomo delle neuro-scienze rispetto alle discipline psichiatriche. Tre anni dopo viene costituita la Società Italiana di Neurologia, alla cui presidenza è chiamato Leonardo Bianchi (1848-1927), parlamentare, medico e docente di Clinica delle ma-lattie nervose e mentali all’Università di Napoli. Suo allievo è Onofrio Fragnito (1871-1959), che - nonostante la passione per l’Istologia e Fisiologia generale insegnate da Giovanni Paladino (1842-1917) - decide di seguire la disciplina di Bianchi, che considera il suo maestro. Dopo alcuni anni all’Università di Sassari, Fragnito vince il concorso come docente di Clinica delle malattie nervose e mentali. Si trasferisce a Siena dal 1912 al 1924, rico-prendo anche la carica di Preside della Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia e di Rettore. Lascerà Siena per Catania, quindi raggiungerà Napoli nel 1927, alla morte del suo maestro. Nel periodo senese Fragnito assiste in prima persona alla separazione degli studi psichiatrici, i quali restano nella sede del manicomio cittadino mentre quelli neurologici vengono organizzati nella nuova clinica istituita all’interno del policlinico universitario senese. È il primo docente che dedica la sua attività totalmente alla ricerca universitaria, senza ricoprire allo stesso tempo la carica di direttore del manicomio: una scelta che Fragnito compie sulla scia degli insegnamenti del suo maestro e con il sostegno e approvazione del presidente della “Commissione dello Spedale”, il senese Luigi Simonetta, futuro senatore del Regno, e dell’igienista Achille Sclavo.Una scelta che accresce maggiormente la distanza tra la psichiatria, che rimane relegata nel manicomio destinato a divenire sempre più luogo della cronicità, e la neurologia, che invece si avvale della ricerca universitaria su casi acuti e di particolare interesse scientifico.In quest’ottica possono essere lette le ricerche che Fragnito compie sui giovani traumatizzati in guerra, ricoverati nel Centro neurologico senese per i feriti di nervi. Ciò consentirà una revisione delle conoscenze sulla fisiologia e sulla patologia del sistema nervoso, così come gli studi sull’encefalite letargica e sul Postencephalitic parkinsoni-sm (PEP) condotti dallo stesso Fragnito. Attraverso la figura e l’opera di Onofrio Fragnito, gli autori intendono illustrare il percorso non semplice che ha portato alla separazione della neurologia dalla psichiatria e a connotare la clinica neuropsichiatrica come luogo della ricerca e il manicomio come luogo di accoglienza di malati cronici. Comincia così quel lungo processo che ha portato il manicomio a perdere la sua funzione di studio e di ricerca sulle malattie mentali, aprendo la strada al lento declino di tale istituzione.
Martini, M., Brigo, F., Orsini, D. (2023). The history of Italian neuropsychiatry and the role of Onofrio Fragnito (1871-1959)|La storia della neuropsichiatria italiana e il ruolo di Onofrio Fragnito (1871-1959). CONFINIA CEPHALALGICA, 33(2), 1-9.
The history of Italian neuropsychiatry and the role of Onofrio Fragnito (1871-1959)|La storia della neuropsichiatria italiana e il ruolo di Onofrio Fragnito (1871-1959)
Orsini D.
2023-01-01
Abstract
In 1904, the XII Congress of the Italian Phreniatric Society (30 years later, it would be named the Italian Psychiatric Society) debated the question of whether the neurosciences should constitute an independent field from psychiatry. Three years later, the Italian Society of Neurology was established and was presided over by Leonardo Bianchi (1848–1927), a Member of Parliament, physician, and Professor of the Clinic of Nervous and Mental Diseases at the University of Naples. His pupil, Onofrio Fragnito (1871–1959), despite having a passion for histology and general physiology, which were taught by Giovanni Paladino (1842–1917), decided to follow the discipline of Bianchi, whom he considered his mentor. After a few years at the University of Sassari, Fragnito was appointed clinical professor of nervous and mental diseases at the University of Siena. He remained in Siena from 1912 to 1924, where he also held the positions of Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and Rector. After leaving Siena for Catania, he subsequently moved to Naples in 1927 on the death of his master. During his years in Siena, Fragnito personally witnessed the separation between psychiatric studies and neurological studies; the former remained in the city asylum, while the latter were transferred to the new clinic that was set up within the polyclinic of the university. Fragnito was the first professor to devote himself entirely to university research without simultaneously holding the position of Director of the Asylum. He made such a choice in the wake of his master's teachings and with the support and approval of the President of the "Hospital Commission", the Sienese Luigi Simonetta, a future senator of the Italian Kingdom, and of the hygienist Achille Sclavo. This choice further increased the distance between psychiatry and neurology; while psychiatry was relegated to the Asylum, which was destined to become an increasingly important institute for chronic illness, neurology exploited university research into acute cases and cases of scientific interest. In this setting, Fragnito carried out research on young men traumatized by war who were hospitalized in the Sienese Neurological Center for nervous injuries. As a result of this research, knowledge of the physiology and pathology of the nervous system was updated, as were the studies on encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) conducted by Fragnito himself. By looking at Onofrio Fragnito and his work, the authors trace the difficult pathway that led to the separation of neurology from psychiatry, whereby the neuropsychiatry clinic would become a place of research and the asylum a facility for chronically ill patients. This was the beginning of a long process that led the asylum to lose its function of study and research into mental illness, thus initiating the slow decline of this institution.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1267995
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