The authors examine the difficult situation of women hospitalized in mental facilities between the 19th and 20th centuries: an exploration of the forms of institutionalized gender violence in Italian psychiatric hospitals. In Italy’s patriarchal society of the last two centuries, the behavior of women who did not conform to the dominant model of devoted daughter, wife and mother was systematically condemned. Indeed, as mental disorder was regarded as fundamentally a problem of decorum and respectability, any conduct or attitude that deviated from the norm was not only censured on an ethical level but was labeled as madness. Consequently, thousands of women were locked up in mental asylums. These women were mainly poor, needy, illiterate, alone and abandoned - individuals who fell into that category of humanity of which society was ashamed. What the authors outline is a journey of pain and marginalization that spanned almost two centuries, in mental hospitals, where many women were confined because of their “femininity”, which did not “adapt or conform to the expectations” of society. What is most surprising and difficult to understand is the position of doctors. For many years, they justified the confinement of women in mental hospitals more based on the prevailing morality of the time, rather than scientific evidence. In the eyes of both society and the scientific community, these women were essentially victims of “madness or moral derangement”, which was marked by moral indifference and a tendency towards criminality and cynicism; they were women who did not respect society’s moral norms. For this reason, they fell victim to a markedly gendered-oriented scientific-positivist judgment. Often locked up in mental hospitals because they were unruly and unsubmissive, these women experienced devastating violence, which was perpetrated by an in-stitution and, before that, by a society whose rules were made by men who regarded females as biologically inferior beings.

Gli autori focalizzano la loro ricerca sulla difficile situazione delle donne ricoverate in manico-mio fra il XIX e il XX secolo: una sorta di esplorazione delle forme di violenza di genere istituzionalizzate all’interno degli ospedali psichiatrici italiani. Nella società italiana degli ultimi due secoli, impostata in modo patriarcale, il comportamento delle donne che non si conformavano al modello dominante di figlia, moglie e madre devota alla famiglia era costantemente oggetto di giudizio e di condanna. Il disagio psichico era fondamentalmente un problema di decoro e rispettabilità. Per questo, ogni condotta e atteggiamento che si discostava dalla norma non era solamente censurata sul piano etico, ma veniva relegato nella sfera della follia, spalancando le porte dei manicomi a migliaia di donne. Si trattava in prevalenza di donne emarginate, povere, bisognose, analfabete, sole e abbandonate, che rientravano in quella parte di umanità di cui la società si vergo-gnava. In tal senso quello che gli autori delineano è un viaggio di dolore ed emarginazione, che percorre quasi due secoli, all’interno dei manicomi, dove centinaia di donne sono state rinchiuse per una loro “femminilità” che “non si adeguava e non si conformava alle aspettative” della società. Ciò che più sorprende e non è facile da capire è la posizione della scienza che ha fornito per molto tempo giustificazioni all’internamento di donne in manicomio con motivazioni influenzate da meri aspetti morali, molto diffusi in quel periodo storico, più che da elementi basati su prove scientifiche. Per la società e per la comunità scientifica si trattava sostanzialmente di donne vittime di una “follia o pazzia morale”, contrassegnata da indifferenza morale e tendenza alla cri-minalità e al cinismo. Erano donne che non rispettavano le norme morali riconosciute dalla comunità sociale e per questo diventavano vittime di un giudizio scientifico-positivista fortemente genderizzato. Le donne, spesso rinchiuse in manicomio perché indocili e non sottomesse, hanno vissuto una violenza devastante per-petrata da un’istituzione e prima ancora da una società le cui regole erano fatte da uomini che consideravano la figura femminile come essere biologicamente inferiore.

Martini, M., Garbarino, M.C., Orsini, D. (2023). Unruly and unsubmissive. A historical approach to the condition of women in mental hospitals between the 19th and 20th centuries|Indocili e non sottomesse. Un approccio storico alla condizione delle donne in manicomio tra Ottocento e Novecento. CONFINIA CEPHALALGICA, 33(3), 1-12.

Unruly and unsubmissive. A historical approach to the condition of women in mental hospitals between the 19th and 20th centuries|Indocili e non sottomesse. Un approccio storico alla condizione delle donne in manicomio tra Ottocento e Novecento

Orsini D.
2023-01-01

Abstract

The authors examine the difficult situation of women hospitalized in mental facilities between the 19th and 20th centuries: an exploration of the forms of institutionalized gender violence in Italian psychiatric hospitals. In Italy’s patriarchal society of the last two centuries, the behavior of women who did not conform to the dominant model of devoted daughter, wife and mother was systematically condemned. Indeed, as mental disorder was regarded as fundamentally a problem of decorum and respectability, any conduct or attitude that deviated from the norm was not only censured on an ethical level but was labeled as madness. Consequently, thousands of women were locked up in mental asylums. These women were mainly poor, needy, illiterate, alone and abandoned - individuals who fell into that category of humanity of which society was ashamed. What the authors outline is a journey of pain and marginalization that spanned almost two centuries, in mental hospitals, where many women were confined because of their “femininity”, which did not “adapt or conform to the expectations” of society. What is most surprising and difficult to understand is the position of doctors. For many years, they justified the confinement of women in mental hospitals more based on the prevailing morality of the time, rather than scientific evidence. In the eyes of both society and the scientific community, these women were essentially victims of “madness or moral derangement”, which was marked by moral indifference and a tendency towards criminality and cynicism; they were women who did not respect society’s moral norms. For this reason, they fell victim to a markedly gendered-oriented scientific-positivist judgment. Often locked up in mental hospitals because they were unruly and unsubmissive, these women experienced devastating violence, which was perpetrated by an in-stitution and, before that, by a society whose rules were made by men who regarded females as biologically inferior beings.
2023
Martini, M., Garbarino, M.C., Orsini, D. (2023). Unruly and unsubmissive. A historical approach to the condition of women in mental hospitals between the 19th and 20th centuries|Indocili e non sottomesse. Un approccio storico alla condizione delle donne in manicomio tra Ottocento e Novecento. CONFINIA CEPHALALGICA, 33(3), 1-12.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1267974
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