Early seizures and risk of epilepsy and death after intracerebral haemorrhage: the MUCH Italy

Introduction: It is unclear which patients with non-traumatic (spontaneous) intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are at risk of developing acute symptomatic seizures (provoked seizures occurring within the first week after stroke onset; early seizures, ES) and whether ES predispose to the occurrence of remote symptomatic seizures (unprovoked seizures occurring more than 1 week after stroke; post-stroke epilepsy, PSE) and long-term mortality. Patients and Methods: In the setting of the Multicenter Study on Cerebral Haemorrhage in Italy (MUCH-Italy) we examined the risk of ES and whether they predict the occurrence of PSE and all-cause mortality in a cohort of patients with first-ever spontaneous ICH and no previous history of epilepsy, consecutively hospitalized in 12 Italian neurological centers from 2002 to 2014. Results: Among 2570 patients (mean age, 73.4 ± 12.5 years; males, 55.4%) 228 (8.9%) had acute ES (183 (7.1%) short seizures and 45 (1.8%) status epilepticus (SE)). Lobar location of the hematoma (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.06–2.08) was independently associated with the occurrence of ES. Of the 2,037 patients who were followed-up (median follow-up time, 68.0 months (25th–75th percentile, 77.0)), 155 (7.6%) developed PSE. ES (aHR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.42–3.85), especially when presenting as short seizures (aHR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.38–4.00) were associated to PSE occurrence. Unlike short seizures, SE was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (aHR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.005–2.26). Discussion and Conclusion: The long-term risk of PSE and death after an ICH vary according to ES subtype. This might have implications for the design of future clinical trials targeting post-ICH epileptic seizures.