Overcoming challenges in glioblastoma treatment: targeting infiltrating cancer cells and harnessing the tumor microenvironment

Glioblastoma is a highly malignant primary brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Despite current treatment approaches, including surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide, glioblastoma remains mostly incurable due to its invasive growth pattern, limited drug penetration beyond the blood-brain barrier, and resistance to conventional therapies. One of the main challenges in glioblastoma treatment is effectively eliminating infiltrating cancer cells that remain in the brain parenchyma after primary tumor resection.