Utility of Smartphone-based real-time report (Ecological Momentary Assessment) in the assessment and monitoring of awake bruxism: A multiple-week interval study in a Portuguese population of university students

Purpose: The Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) concept was the basis for developing a smartphone application for the on-time report of awake bruxism (AB) activities. This study aims to monitor AB report over time in a population of healthy young adults. Methods: A population of young adults recruited among dental students in good general health was recruited. All answered to a questionnaire, including the Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC-1). They were then monitored with a smartphone application for AB report during seven consecutive days and completed three further observation periods (EMA-1, 2 and 3) at one-month intervals. After the third period (EMA-3), participants answered again the OBC questionnaire (OBC-2). Changes over time were described, and Pearson Correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between EMA and OBC items reports. A significance level of p =.01 was set. Results: Thirty-one University students completed the study protocol. Answers to the OBC showed an increase in the prevalence of self-reported bracing and teeth clenching from the first to second report (38.7%–54.8% and 77.4%–90.3%, respectively). A slight increase in the ‘relaxed’ condition (62.5%–69.0%) was observed with EMA-based smartphone application over time. No correlation between OBC items and EMA was detected between OBC-1 and EMA-1. A moderate positive correlation in bracing report (+0.509, p =.01) and weak positive correlation in teeth contact report (+0.380, p =.05) were found between OBC-2 and EMA-3. Conclusion: Using a smartphone-based approach to AB report may be helpful to monitor AB over time and increase an individual's awareness to recognise actions such as bracing and teeth contact concerning the single-time report.