Arising from the surge of moral outrage and turmoil characterizing the “1956 crisis” of the Italian left wing, the cultural magazine ‘Città aperta’, published in Rome in 1957 and 1958, started out as a courageous attempt by various Communist intellectuals – in opposition to the official line of the PCI in which all were enrolled – to identify a possible alternative to the rigid dirigisme of the party’s cultural policies and unquestioning pro-Soviet stance. The magazine’s chief editor was Tommaso Chiaretti, a journalist of ‘l’Unità’, while the editorial staff was composed of cultural figures active in various fields: painting (Renzo Vespignani, Ugo Attardi, Marcello Muccini), literary history and criticism (Luca Canali, Dario Puccini, Mario Socrate), cinema (Elio Petri, Chiaretti himself) and architecture (Piero Moroni). The magazine also featured articles by other prominent intellectuals who shared its critical position and interest in renewal: Italo Calvino, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Vasco Pratolini and Giuseppe Bonaviri. Selfdeclared “Marxists” and “realists”, the editors of ‘Città aperta’ put forward new ideas and differentiated modes of expression that went beyond the realism sustained by the party – a realism being seen as limited and anachronistic – finding their roots and inspiration in the urban, industrial civilization of the contemporary era. In this regard, albeit in an overall vision of integrated culture, the magazine gave great importance to articles on the figurative arts and architecture, which were among the liveliest politico-cultural initiatives advanced at that time and to which the present paper is mainly dedicated: from the texts of Vespignani, Attardi and Moroni to those of other figures who were invited to contribute to the open debate – Franco Francese, Giuseppe Zigaina, Eduardo Vittoria, Nico Di Cagno and even Renato Guttuso. However, the leaders of the PCI (starting with Mario Alicata, head of the cultural commission) showed little tolerance for the views expressed by the magazine, which were seen as “divisive”. The insistent and increasingly explicit political criticism inevitably led to censorship by the party – an initial “call to order” of the dissenting voices, causing the publication to be suspended, and ultimately the expulsion of Chiaretti from the party and the closure of the magazine altogether.
Originata dall’onda emotiva e di indignazione morale che caratterizzò la “crisi del 1956” della sinistra italiana, la rivista di cultura ‘Città aperta’, pubblicata a Roma dal 1957 al 1958, nasce come il coraggioso tentativo da parte di alcuni intellettuali comunisti di individuare, in dialettico dissenso rispetto alla linea ufficiale del PCI cui sono tutti iscritti, una possibile alternativa al rigido dirigismo delle politiche culturali e alle acritiche posizioni filosovietiche del partito. Direttore della rivista è Tommaso Chiaretti, giornalista de ‘l’Unità’, e nella redazione compaiono personalità della cultura impegnate nei più diversi campi: dalla pittura (Renzo Vespignani, Ugo Attardi, Marcello Muccini) alla critica e alla storia della letteratura (Luca Canali, Dario Puccini, Mario Socrate), dal cinema (Elio Petri, lo stesso Chiaretti) all’architettura (Piero Moroni). Ma non mancano, nella rivista, contributi di altri intellettuali di spicco che ne condividono l’impostazione critica e lo slancio di rinnovamento: da Italo Calvino a Pier Paolo Pasolini, da Vasco Pratolini a Giuseppe Bonaviri. Dichiarandosi “marxisti” e “realisti”, i redattori di ‘Città aperta’ propongono nuove tematiche e differenziate modalità espressive che vadano oltre il realismo sostenuto dal partito, ritenuto anacronistico e limitante, e che trovino radicamento e ispirazione nella civiltà urbana e industriale dell’età contemporanea. In questo senso grande rilievo hanno nella rivista, pur sempre in un’ottica di cultura integrata, i contributi sulle arti figurative e sull’architettura, tra le proposte politico-culturali più vivaci avanzate in quegli anni e alle quali è principalmente dedicato il presente articolo: dai testi di Vespignani, Attardi, Moroni, a quelli di altre personalità invitate a contribuire al dibattito aperto, come Franco Francese, Giuseppe Zigaina, Eduardo Vittoria, Nico Di Cagno o lo stesso Renato Guttuso. Ma la dirigenza del PCI (a partire da Mario Alicata, responsabile della commissione culturale) poco tollera le posizioni della rivista, ritenute “frazioniste”, e le ripetute e sempre più esplicite critiche di carattere politico conducono inevitabilmente all’intervento censorio del partito: dapprima “richiamando all’ordine” i disobbedienti e causando un’interruzione delle pubblicazioni, e infine espellendo dal partito il direttore Chiaretti e portando la rivista alla definitiva cessazione.
Quattrocchi, L. (2020). Il realismo del dissenso. Arte, marxismo e Pci nelle pagine di "Città aperta" (1957-1958). PROSPETTIVA(172), 42-62.
Il realismo del dissenso. Arte, marxismo e Pci nelle pagine di "Città aperta" (1957-1958)
Luca Quattrocchi
2020-01-01
Abstract
Arising from the surge of moral outrage and turmoil characterizing the “1956 crisis” of the Italian left wing, the cultural magazine ‘Città aperta’, published in Rome in 1957 and 1958, started out as a courageous attempt by various Communist intellectuals – in opposition to the official line of the PCI in which all were enrolled – to identify a possible alternative to the rigid dirigisme of the party’s cultural policies and unquestioning pro-Soviet stance. The magazine’s chief editor was Tommaso Chiaretti, a journalist of ‘l’Unità’, while the editorial staff was composed of cultural figures active in various fields: painting (Renzo Vespignani, Ugo Attardi, Marcello Muccini), literary history and criticism (Luca Canali, Dario Puccini, Mario Socrate), cinema (Elio Petri, Chiaretti himself) and architecture (Piero Moroni). The magazine also featured articles by other prominent intellectuals who shared its critical position and interest in renewal: Italo Calvino, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Vasco Pratolini and Giuseppe Bonaviri. Selfdeclared “Marxists” and “realists”, the editors of ‘Città aperta’ put forward new ideas and differentiated modes of expression that went beyond the realism sustained by the party – a realism being seen as limited and anachronistic – finding their roots and inspiration in the urban, industrial civilization of the contemporary era. In this regard, albeit in an overall vision of integrated culture, the magazine gave great importance to articles on the figurative arts and architecture, which were among the liveliest politico-cultural initiatives advanced at that time and to which the present paper is mainly dedicated: from the texts of Vespignani, Attardi and Moroni to those of other figures who were invited to contribute to the open debate – Franco Francese, Giuseppe Zigaina, Eduardo Vittoria, Nico Di Cagno and even Renato Guttuso. However, the leaders of the PCI (starting with Mario Alicata, head of the cultural commission) showed little tolerance for the views expressed by the magazine, which were seen as “divisive”. The insistent and increasingly explicit political criticism inevitably led to censorship by the party – an initial “call to order” of the dissenting voices, causing the publication to be suspended, and ultimately the expulsion of Chiaretti from the party and the closure of the magazine altogether.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1122197