A systematic review of literature regarding the characteristics and motivations of breastmilk donors

Background: Breastmilk’s nutritional properties have been known to humanity for centuries. Human milk banks are institutions providing donor human milk to babies with limited access to breastfeeding, especially preterm babies. Research aim: The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review of literature, regarding the characteristics and motivations of milk donors and to identify factors influencing their willingness to donate their breastmilk. Methods: The systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA statement. Papers were searched in PubMed database using the terms: ‘Milk bank AND donor characteristics’. After screening, seven papers were included. Two reviewers read the papers and produced an overview table. Results: The majority of studies (three) were undertaken in Brazil, one in USA, and three in Western Europe (Italy, Spain and France). Differences in donors’ characteristics were observed across the studies. Average age of donors varied; the youngest donors were reported in Brazil (24.8 ± 5.2 years), the oldest donors were reported in Italy (35–36 years old). The majority of donors were married. The percentage of donors with medium-high education level was higher in USA and European countries (83%–87%) in comparison to Brazil (39%–78%). Donors in Brazil were less likely to be employed outside the home (53%–63%); on the other hand, only 35% of North Americans stayed at home. Work situation of donors did not influence their willingness to donate milk. In almost all studies, primiparous donors represented around 50%. Average donation period was 3–4 months; the age of donors was inversely associated with volume of donated milk. The most important source of information about breastmilk donation was healthcare professionals. The most frequently reported motivations to donate reported in the studies were ‘desire to help other babies’ and ‘excessive milk production’. Recommendation from healthcare professionals and knowledge of infant needs were important motivations among Brazilian donors. The majority of donors evaluated their experience as ‘positive’ or ‘excellent’. Conclusion: To ensure an adequate quantity of breastmilk for Human Milk Banks (HMB) it is necessary to enrol new milk donors continually. In this process the role of educated and dedicated healthcare professionals is absolutely fundamental.