3D modeling and cross-section restoration as tools for imaging geological structures

Different modelling techniques are used for reconstruct the current (deformed) architectural geometry in tectonically complex areas. We tailored workflows for geological modelling that include the use of georeferred field data, interpreted geological maps and cross-sections; when available, subsurface data like well logs and seismic images are used for better constrain the model. Surfaces representing lithological boundary and faults have been obtained in different ways, either by interpolation of the starting data (field measurements, best constrained map traces of the structures), or starting from reference surfaces (used as a proxy for subsequent morphing by using structural thickness and attitude constraints. Subsequent balancing methods in both cross-section and 3D are used for constrain the geological model with a trial-and error procedure. Our experience demonstrates the effectiveness of the 3D modelling techniques in different tectonic settings. Here we are presenting map-scale examples of models obtained in areas of the inner and the central zones of the Apennines, respectively in areas where the post-collisional extension is prevalent, and areas where the effects of the contraction does. We stress the need of 3D geometrical coherence between geological maps and related cross-sections, and the utility of the 3D modelling and visualization techniques in achieve best results and geometrically consistent linked structures.