Banche Popolari (“Popolari”) nowadays constitute an important segment of the overall Italian banking system. According to their cooperative structure, Popolari are peculiarly regulated by the TUB (the Italian Banking Act). Nevertheless, their real co-operative nature is fiercely debated among scholars. In time, in fact, many Popolari have become very large banks that don’t operate exclusively for the benefit of their members, routinely providing with their services (mainly credit) non-members as well; additionally, such firms behave similarly to any other profit-oriented organization, normally remunerating their members for the capital subscribed instead of benefiting them in proportion to their transactions with the co-operative, so that many argue that nothing is actually left of their original “popular” and “cooperative” characterization. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the historical, legal as well as the political-economic reasons that originally put Popolari far from identifying themselves within the so called classic co-operative principles. Historically, cooperative banking firstly appeared in Germany in the middle of the XIX century and thence it was replicated in Italy (as well as in several further countries) some years later. In the light of this, the research presented herein also aims at stressing the main differences between the original German Volksbank model and its subsequent adaptation to Luigi Luzzatti’s idea of Banca popolare in Italy.
Le Banche Popolari (“Popolari”) rappresentano ormai un rilevante segmento del complessivo sistema bancario italiano. Nonostante siano disciplinate, in accordo alla struttura cooperativa che rivestono, in modo peculiare dal Testo unico bancario, la reale natura mutualistica di queste imprese è fortemente dibattuta. In progresso di tempo molte di esse sono in effetti divenute grandi banche, ordinariamente operanti tanto con i propri soci quanto con i terzi, mostrando di comportarsi, specie per ciò che riguarda la remunerazione del capitale investito, in modo non diverso da qualunque altra organizzazione con scopo lucrativo, al punto da far ritenere ai più che nulla sia rimasto della loro originaria indole “popolare” e “cooperativa”. Scopo principale di questo lavoro è quello ripercorrere le ragioni di ordine storico, giuridico e politico-economico che hanno condotto le Popolari in una posizione assai lontana dai cosiddetti principi classici della cooperazione. Storicamente, la cooperazione nel settore di credito è nata in Germania intorno alla metà del XIX sec., per poi essere replicata in Italia (così come in molti altri paesi) alcuni anni più tardi. Alla luce di ciò, ulteriore obiettivo della ricerca che qui si presenta è quello di mostrare le mutazioni subite dall’originario modello tedesco della “Volksbank” nel corso del relativo processo di adattamento all’idea che di credito popolare venne professata e messa in pratica in Italia da parte di Luigi Luzzatti.
Romano, G. (2013). Dalla Volksbank alla Banca popolare: origini del dibattito su «forma» e «sostanza» di un istituto controverso. IANUS DIRITTO E FINANZA(9), 163-262.
Dalla Volksbank alla Banca popolare: origini del dibattito su «forma» e «sostanza» di un istituto controverso
Giovanni Romano
2013-01-01
Abstract
Banche Popolari (“Popolari”) nowadays constitute an important segment of the overall Italian banking system. According to their cooperative structure, Popolari are peculiarly regulated by the TUB (the Italian Banking Act). Nevertheless, their real co-operative nature is fiercely debated among scholars. In time, in fact, many Popolari have become very large banks that don’t operate exclusively for the benefit of their members, routinely providing with their services (mainly credit) non-members as well; additionally, such firms behave similarly to any other profit-oriented organization, normally remunerating their members for the capital subscribed instead of benefiting them in proportion to their transactions with the co-operative, so that many argue that nothing is actually left of their original “popular” and “cooperative” characterization. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the historical, legal as well as the political-economic reasons that originally put Popolari far from identifying themselves within the so called classic co-operative principles. Historically, cooperative banking firstly appeared in Germany in the middle of the XIX century and thence it was replicated in Italy (as well as in several further countries) some years later. In the light of this, the research presented herein also aims at stressing the main differences between the original German Volksbank model and its subsequent adaptation to Luigi Luzzatti’s idea of Banca popolare in Italy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1094630