The juvenile question has been traced by historiography above all through the prism of repression and prevention; in twentieth-cen-tury Italy the need for social control, "dominant thought", has complicated the construction of the right for minors and minors. In fact, civil codification, "adult-friendly", assigned the rights to the rational and autonomous subject, as if to re-propose the liberal paternalism of Stuart Mill, about minors to be protected in the first place by themselves. The system envisaged minors above all to impose the ancient on it honors the father; even if the civil code of 1942 did not foresee a total subjection of the children with respect to parental authority, before fascism and still in the fifties the parental author-ity was understood as 'remedy' to the inability to act of the child, obstacle to the action of the State in the order and disorder of the family. At the be-ginning of the century the "legal protection of minors" seemed "unknown to our law and outside the law", inadequate especially in the pitiless compari-son with European and overseas legislation; the comparison with a ‘happy elsewhere’ -first and foremost the Children Act of 1908 -would have been a constant in national policies for children and adolescents, from the Circular of the Minister of Justice V.E. Orlando to the Code Project for minors.Far from ‘specialism’ -a figure of the italian scientia iuris-the juvenile law had an ‘interdisciplinary’ figure, based above all on the link between law and pedagogy; in 1910 Orlando was speaking at the Milan Forensic Pedagogical Institute of the "always and forever" pre-eminent right for minors, that of "educational protection", "education, albeit forced". In liberal Italy the plan-ning was significant and the debate was significant; the Ferri Project was a 'final act', intended to distinguish between children and adolescents and to build a special criminal justice system with respect to that for adults. In the years of fascism -even in this matter anything but parenthesis -legislation was tightened, with the institution of the Maternity and Childhood National Opera -active until 1975 -the Balilla National Opera, the Juvenile Court (Rd.1404/1934). The regime intended to mark the passage of the juvenile issue from the criminal to the "social" field; "re-education" was central, as reiter-ated in 1941 by the Minister of Justice Dino Grandi. Rd. 140/1934 was linked to the penal and penal-procedural codification (1930) and was a "forerun-ner" of civil codification (1942). In the doctrine of the 1950s the "autonomy" of juvenile law was born with the juvenile court; sporadic notes were reserved for the Constitution and the Geneva Declaration of Universal Children's Rights (1924). Despite a merely exhortatory horizon, the international sources later allegedly "urged" the Italian legislator, above all on the problematic level of implementation of the principles. The juvenile law developed as a sort of judge made law -built above all by the presidents of the juvenile court, Radaelli, Baviera, Cividali, Meucci, Moro, Vercellone, Occhiogrosso, Fadiga -problematic profile for the prevailing legalistic Italian legal culture, hostile to the wide discretion, exercised by the judge specialized in jurisdictional and administrative matters. In 1951 the Italian Union of judges for minors was also born, then the Association, the engine of the legislative process; in 1971 the organic plan of the "specialized judge" was established.The juvenile law was complicated by the changes of custom, which invested the society: in the early twentieth century the debate between jurists, judges, politicians, social scientists was inscribed in the horizon of the paternal and / or state authority, not in that of freedom and autonomy of the minor. With a change of perspective, at the Constituent Assembly Aldo Moro discussed a "problematic" right, given the subject's inability to act, but "authentic". Asif to anticipate the best interest of the child, law 431/67 -called special adoption -gave the Court the task of "promoting and defending the rights of the child". Elia -who was the speaker of a dense sentence of the Consulta in 1981 -argued that the "center of gravity" of the system shifted "from the interest of the adopter to the one adopted". But there were problems: in front of the very real dramas about the destination of the child -single and problematic mother or Institute -Jemolo asked himself "where is the minor's interest", a question in his opinion not dissolved by the law, which he had entrusted to the judge a task that is not his. Even the world of law was surrounded by new sensitivities and social transformations: in the mid-seventies the theme of the "method" was posed, with the transformation of the "juvenile right", from "the right of minors to the rights of minors' rights". With the family law reform of 1975, the "old" child law seemed destined to give way to a "new" one; for Alfredo Carlo Moro set the "unified" subject, and "Pierino, Maria" entered the scene; in the light of the 1989 International Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified in Italy two years later, Moro affirmed that the discourse on "rights" had to rest on "implementation". On the other hand it was observed that the legislator could not establish by law the contents of the rights -first of all that to education -if not with general and abstract criteria, and that the minor was not considered by law as a subjectof right, but as a recipient of decisions made by others, parents, guardians, judges.In 1970 Cividali staged a "new judge", committed to promoting the rights of the child, empathetic with the "person", rather than intent on applying the law "coldly". Thepolarity between the respect of the rules, for the protection of all children, and the decision in the best interest of that particular child, even in contravention of the law, burst with the 'famous case' of Serena Cruz, removed by the Turin Juvenile Court to the family, who had adopted it illegally; that "celebrated case" staged the gap between legality and "true justice". As for the relationship between minors and institutions, meant for re-education, the practice shows that, from fascism to the republic, political discontinuity is matched by institutional continuity, even in the violence exercised on minors; hence the "provocation", the creation of a "Tribunal for the defense of minors". Not even the 1988 Code of Juvenile Criminal Procedure, intended to"educate by empowering", seemed to ensure an effective "guarantee" for minors.

La questione minorile è stata ripercorsa dalla storiografia soprattutto attraverso il prisma della repressione e prevenzione; nell’Italia del Novecento il bisogno di controllo sociale, ‘pensiero dominante’, ha complicato la costruzione del diritto peri minori e deiminori.La codificazione civile, ‘a misura di adulto’, assegnava infatti i diritti al soggetto razionale ed autonomo, quasi a riproporre l’impostazione del paternalismo liberale di Stuart Mill, a proposito di minori da proteggere in primo luogo da se stessi. L’ordinamento contemplava i minori soprattutto per imporgli l’‘antico onora il padre’;anche se il codice civile del 1942 non prevedeva una soggezione totale dei figli rispetto alla potestà genitoriale, prima del fascismo ed ancoranegli anni Cinquanta la patria potestà era intesa come ‘rimedio’ all’incapacità di agire del figlio, ostacolo all’«azione dello Stato» nell’ordine e disordine della famiglia. Agli inizi del secolo la «protezione giuridica dei minorenni» pareva «sconosciuta al nostro diritto e fuori della legislazione», inadeguata soprattutto nell’impietoso paragone con la legislazione europea e d’oltreoceano; la comparazione con un ‘altrove felice’ –in primo luogo il Children Actdel 1908 –sarebbe stata una costante nelle politiche nazionali per l’infanzia ed adolescenza, dalla Circolaredel guardasigilli V.E. Orlando al Progetto di Codice per i minorenni.Lontano dallo ‘specialismo’ –cifra della scientia iurisnazionale –il diritto minorile aveva vocazione ‘interdisciplinare’, nel poggiare soprattutto sul legame tra diritto e pedagogia; nel 1910 Orlando parlava all’Istituto pedago-gico forense di Milano del diritto‘da sempre e per sempre’ preminente per i minori, quello alla «protezione educativa», all’«educazione, siapure for-zata». Nell’Italia liberale era ampio il dibattito e significativa la pro-gettazione; ne era un ‘ultimo atto’ il ProgettoFerri, inteso a distinguere tra bambini e adolescenti e a costruire una giustizia penale speciale rispetto a quella per gli adulti. Negli anni del fascismo –anche in questa materia tutt’al-tro che parentesi –era invece serrata la legislazione, con l’istituzione dell’Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia –attiva fino al 1975 –l’Opera na-zionale Balilla, il Tribunale per i minorenni (Rd. 1404/1934). Il regime inten-deva marcare il passaggiodella questione minorile dal campo penale a quello «sociale»; era centrale la «rieducazione», come ribadito nel 1941 dal guardasigilli Dino Grandi. Il Rd. 140/1934 si ricollegava alla codificazione pe-nale e penal-processuale (1930), ed era ‘apripista’ della codificazione civile (1942). Nella dottrina degli anni Cinquanta l’«autonomia»del diritto minorile na-sceva con il Tribunale per i minori; cenni sporadici erano riservati alla Costi-tuzione ed alla Dichiarazionedi Ginevra dei diritti universali dei bambini (1924). Pur in un orizzonte meramente esortatorio, in seguito le fonti inter-nazionali avrebbero avrebbero ‘incalzato’ il legislatore italiano,soprattutto sul piano, problematico, dell’attuazione dei principi. Il diritto minorile si sviluppava inoltre come sorta di judge made law–costruito sopratutto dai presidenti del Tribunale dei minori, Radaelli, Baviera, Cividali, Meucci, Moro, Vercellone, Occhiogrosso, Fadiga –profilo problematico per la prevalente cultura giuridica legalista italiana, ostile all’ampio potere discrezionale, eser-citato dal giudice specializzato in materia giurisdizionale ed amministrativa. Nel 1951 nasceva inoltre l’Unione italiana giudici per minorenni, poi Associa-zione, motore del processo legislativo; nel 1971 era istituita la pianta orga-nica del «giudice specializzato».Il diritto minorile era complicato dai cambiamenti di costume, che investivano la società: nel primoNovecento il dibattito tra giuristi, giudici, politici, scienziati sociali era iscritto nell’orizzonte della autorità,paterna e/o dello Stato, non in quello della libertà ed autonomia del minore. Con un cambio di prospettiva, all’Assemblea Costituente Aldo Moro tematizzava un diritto «problematico», stante l’incapacità di agire del soggetto, ma «autentico». Quasi ad anticipare il best interest of the child, la legge 431/67 –detta dell’adozione speciale –attribuiva al Tribunale il compito di «promuovere e difendere i diritti del minore». Elia –relatore di una densa sentenza della Consulta del 1981 –sostenne che il “centro di gravità” del sistema passava dall’“interesse dall’adottante a quello dell’adottato”. Ma non mancavano problemi: davanti ai concretissimi drammi sulla destinazione del bambino –madre sola e problematica o Istituto –Jemolo si chiedeva «dov’è l’interesse del minore», interrogativo a suo avviso non sciolto dalla legge, che aveva affidato al giudice «un compito che non è suo». Anche il mondo del diritto era lambito da nuove sensibilità e trasformazioni sociali: alla metà degli anni Settanta siponevail tema del «metodo», con la trasformazione del «diritto minorile», da «diritto dei minori a diritto dei diritti dei minori». Con la riforma del diritto di famiglia del 1975 il «vecchio» diritto minorile pareva destinato a lasciare il posto ad uno «nuovo»;perAlfredo Carlo Moro tramontava il soggetto «unificato»,ed entravano in scena «Pierino, Maria»; alla luce della Convenzione internazionale dei diritti del fanciullo del 1989, ratificata in Italia due anni dopo, Moro affermava che il discorso sui «diritti» doveva poggiare sulla «attuazione». D’altro canto si osservava che il legislatore non poteva stabilire per legge i contenuti dei diritti –primo di tutti quello all’educazione –se non con criteri generali e astratti, e che il minore non era considerato dall’ordinamento come soggetto di diritto, ma come destinatario di decisioni prese da altri, genitori, tutori, giudici. Nel 1970 Cividali metteva in scena un «giudice nuovo», impegnato a pro-muovere i diritti del minore, empatico con la «persona», più che intento ad applicare ‘freddamente’ la legge. La polarità tra il rispetto delle norme, a tu-tela di tuttii bambini, e la decisione nel migliore interessedi quelparticolare bambino, anche contravvenendo alla legge, irrompeva con il ‘caso celebre’ di Serena Cruz, tolta dal Tribunale per i minorenni di Torino alla famiglia, che l’aveva adottata illegalmente; quel ‘caso celebre’ metteva in scena il corto circuito tra legalità e «vera giustizia». Quanto al rapporto tra minori e istitu-zioni, intese alla rieducazione, la prassi mostra che, dal fascismo alla repub-blica, alla «discontinuità politica»è corrisposta una «continuità istituzio-nale», anche nella violenza esercitata sui minori; da qui una ‘provocazione’, la creazione di un «Tribunale per la difesa dei minori». Neppure il codice di procedura penale minorile del 1988, inteso a «educare responsabilizzando», è parso assicurare ai minorenni una efficace «garanzia».

Colao, F. (2019). Il diritto per i minori, i diritti dei minori. Itinerari nell'Italia del Novecento. ITALIAN REVIEW OF LEGAL HISTORY, 5(10), 318-383 [10.13130/2464-8914/12652].

Il diritto per i minori, i diritti dei minori. Itinerari nell'Italia del Novecento

F. Colao
2019-01-01

Abstract

The juvenile question has been traced by historiography above all through the prism of repression and prevention; in twentieth-cen-tury Italy the need for social control, "dominant thought", has complicated the construction of the right for minors and minors. In fact, civil codification, "adult-friendly", assigned the rights to the rational and autonomous subject, as if to re-propose the liberal paternalism of Stuart Mill, about minors to be protected in the first place by themselves. The system envisaged minors above all to impose the ancient on it honors the father; even if the civil code of 1942 did not foresee a total subjection of the children with respect to parental authority, before fascism and still in the fifties the parental author-ity was understood as 'remedy' to the inability to act of the child, obstacle to the action of the State in the order and disorder of the family. At the be-ginning of the century the "legal protection of minors" seemed "unknown to our law and outside the law", inadequate especially in the pitiless compari-son with European and overseas legislation; the comparison with a ‘happy elsewhere’ -first and foremost the Children Act of 1908 -would have been a constant in national policies for children and adolescents, from the Circular of the Minister of Justice V.E. Orlando to the Code Project for minors.Far from ‘specialism’ -a figure of the italian scientia iuris-the juvenile law had an ‘interdisciplinary’ figure, based above all on the link between law and pedagogy; in 1910 Orlando was speaking at the Milan Forensic Pedagogical Institute of the "always and forever" pre-eminent right for minors, that of "educational protection", "education, albeit forced". In liberal Italy the plan-ning was significant and the debate was significant; the Ferri Project was a 'final act', intended to distinguish between children and adolescents and to build a special criminal justice system with respect to that for adults. In the years of fascism -even in this matter anything but parenthesis -legislation was tightened, with the institution of the Maternity and Childhood National Opera -active until 1975 -the Balilla National Opera, the Juvenile Court (Rd.1404/1934). The regime intended to mark the passage of the juvenile issue from the criminal to the "social" field; "re-education" was central, as reiter-ated in 1941 by the Minister of Justice Dino Grandi. Rd. 140/1934 was linked to the penal and penal-procedural codification (1930) and was a "forerun-ner" of civil codification (1942). In the doctrine of the 1950s the "autonomy" of juvenile law was born with the juvenile court; sporadic notes were reserved for the Constitution and the Geneva Declaration of Universal Children's Rights (1924). Despite a merely exhortatory horizon, the international sources later allegedly "urged" the Italian legislator, above all on the problematic level of implementation of the principles. The juvenile law developed as a sort of judge made law -built above all by the presidents of the juvenile court, Radaelli, Baviera, Cividali, Meucci, Moro, Vercellone, Occhiogrosso, Fadiga -problematic profile for the prevailing legalistic Italian legal culture, hostile to the wide discretion, exercised by the judge specialized in jurisdictional and administrative matters. In 1951 the Italian Union of judges for minors was also born, then the Association, the engine of the legislative process; in 1971 the organic plan of the "specialized judge" was established.The juvenile law was complicated by the changes of custom, which invested the society: in the early twentieth century the debate between jurists, judges, politicians, social scientists was inscribed in the horizon of the paternal and / or state authority, not in that of freedom and autonomy of the minor. With a change of perspective, at the Constituent Assembly Aldo Moro discussed a "problematic" right, given the subject's inability to act, but "authentic". Asif to anticipate the best interest of the child, law 431/67 -called special adoption -gave the Court the task of "promoting and defending the rights of the child". Elia -who was the speaker of a dense sentence of the Consulta in 1981 -argued that the "center of gravity" of the system shifted "from the interest of the adopter to the one adopted". But there were problems: in front of the very real dramas about the destination of the child -single and problematic mother or Institute -Jemolo asked himself "where is the minor's interest", a question in his opinion not dissolved by the law, which he had entrusted to the judge a task that is not his. Even the world of law was surrounded by new sensitivities and social transformations: in the mid-seventies the theme of the "method" was posed, with the transformation of the "juvenile right", from "the right of minors to the rights of minors' rights". With the family law reform of 1975, the "old" child law seemed destined to give way to a "new" one; for Alfredo Carlo Moro set the "unified" subject, and "Pierino, Maria" entered the scene; in the light of the 1989 International Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified in Italy two years later, Moro affirmed that the discourse on "rights" had to rest on "implementation". On the other hand it was observed that the legislator could not establish by law the contents of the rights -first of all that to education -if not with general and abstract criteria, and that the minor was not considered by law as a subjectof right, but as a recipient of decisions made by others, parents, guardians, judges.In 1970 Cividali staged a "new judge", committed to promoting the rights of the child, empathetic with the "person", rather than intent on applying the law "coldly". Thepolarity between the respect of the rules, for the protection of all children, and the decision in the best interest of that particular child, even in contravention of the law, burst with the 'famous case' of Serena Cruz, removed by the Turin Juvenile Court to the family, who had adopted it illegally; that "celebrated case" staged the gap between legality and "true justice". As for the relationship between minors and institutions, meant for re-education, the practice shows that, from fascism to the republic, political discontinuity is matched by institutional continuity, even in the violence exercised on minors; hence the "provocation", the creation of a "Tribunal for the defense of minors". Not even the 1988 Code of Juvenile Criminal Procedure, intended to"educate by empowering", seemed to ensure an effective "guarantee" for minors.
2019
Colao, F. (2019). Il diritto per i minori, i diritti dei minori. Itinerari nell'Italia del Novecento. ITALIAN REVIEW OF LEGAL HISTORY, 5(10), 318-383 [10.13130/2464-8914/12652].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1094558