This paper analyzes a story never faced by historiography, that of the network of tracks built as a logistic function for the movements of troops, armaments and provisions during the Great War. A fundamental role, but little known. The sources used to reconstruct the history of these railway trunks are represented by the official publications of the State Railways and the army, war diaries and especially the military archives, in particular that of the Army General Staff was consulted. When Italy entered the Great War, the transport sector was marked by the dominance of the railway over medium and long distances. Consequently, the logistical effort was concentrated on trains and railway lines, of which new trunks had to be built on both sides of the fighting front. The trucks, despite the strong growth of the war period, were not able to support the movement of large quantities of goods and soldiers and were mainly used in the final parts, where the trains did not arrive. In the period from May 1915 to December 1918, various trunks were activated in the front area both on the Italian side and on the Austrian side, also by virtue of the geographical upheavals caused by the advances and retreats. A characteristic example is that of Cervignano, which was conquered in May 1915 by the Italian Bersaglieri and maintained until October 1917, becoming the headquarters of the III Army headquarters. Thanks to this acquisition, the 10 km long Palmanova-Cervignano del Friuli railway opened in June 1916. In the Austrian part, two mountain railway sections were put into operation: the Chiusa-Plan Val Gardena of 31 km, opened in February 1916; the Ora Val di Fiemme-Predazzo, 50 km narrow gauge, opened in April 1917. Still on the Italian side, the Susegana-Montebelluna, 20 km long, came into operation in May 1916. This as regards the Ferrovie dello Stato , but other trunks were completed or built from scratch by the Venetian Company and other local railway companies, if not directly by the Royal Army, for strictly war purposes, as in the case of the Decauville demountable railways, which counted about 200 km at the time of retreat on the Piave. Some of the trunks made for the Great War were later converted to civil operation, such as: the Cividale-Caporetto, opened in August 1921 and the Dobbiaco-Cortina-Calalzo, opened in April 1921.

Questo articolo ricostruisce una vicenda mai affrontata dalla storiografia, quella della rete di binari realizzati in funzione logistica per i movimenti di truppe, armamenti e vettovaglie durante la Grande Guerra. Un ruolo fondamentale, ma poco conosciuto. Le fonti utilizzate per ricostruire la storia di questi tronchi ferroviari sono rappresentate dalle pubblicazioni ufficiali delle Ferrovie dello Stato e dell'esercito, dai diari di guerra e soprattutto dagli archivi militari, in particolare è stato consultato quello dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito. Quando l’Italia entrò nella Grande Guerra, il mondo dei trasporti era contrassegnato dal predominio della ferrovia sulle medie e lunghe distanze. Di conseguenza lo sforzo logistico fu concentrato sui treni e sulle linee ferroviarie, di cui si dovettero costruire nuovi tronchi da ambo i lati del fronte di combattimenti. Gli autocarri, nonostante la forte crescita del periodo bellico, non furono in grado di sostenere lo spostamento di grandi quantità di merci e soldati e furono usati soprattutto nelle parti finali, dove i treni non arrivavano. Nel periodo dal maggio 1915 e fino al dicembre 1918, nella zona del fronte furono attivati vari tronchi sia dalla parte italiana sia dalla parte austriaca, anche in virtù dei rivolgimenti geografici causati dalle avanzate e dalle ritirate. Un esempio caratteristico è quello di Cervignano, che fu conquistata nel maggio 1915 dai Bersaglieri italiani e mantenuta fino all’ottobre 1917, diventando sede del quartier generale della III Armata. Grazie a questa acquisizione, nel giugno 1916 aprì all’esercizio la ferrovia Palmanova-Cervignano del Friuli, lunga 10 km. Nella parte austriaca, venivano invece messi in esercizio due tronchi ferroviari di montagna: la Chiusa-Plan Val Gardena di 31 km, aperta nel febbraio 1916; la Ora Val di Fiemme-Predazzo, di 50 km a scartamento ridotto, aperta nell’aprile 1917. Ancora dalla parte italiana, entrava in funzione la Susegana-Montebelluna, di 20 km, nel maggio 1916. Questo per quanto riguarda le Ferrovie dello Stato, ma altri tronchi furono completati o realizzati ex novo dalla Società veneta e da altre compagnie ferroviarie locali, quando non direttamente dal Regio esercito, per fini strettamente bellici, come nel caso delle ferrovie smontabili Decauville, che contavano circa 200 km al momento della ritirata sul Piave. Alcuni dei tronchi realizzati per la Grande Guerra, furono poi convertiti all’esercizio civile, come ad esempio: la Cividale-Caporetto, aperta nell’agosto 1921 e la Dobbiaco-Cortina-Calalzo, aperta nell’aprile 1921.

Maggi, S. (2019). Le ferrovie dietro al fronte: trasformazioni della rete negli anni di guerra. STORIA URBANA, 162, 13-37 [10.3280/SU2019-162002].

Le ferrovie dietro al fronte: trasformazioni della rete negli anni di guerra

Maggi Stefano
2019-01-01

Abstract

This paper analyzes a story never faced by historiography, that of the network of tracks built as a logistic function for the movements of troops, armaments and provisions during the Great War. A fundamental role, but little known. The sources used to reconstruct the history of these railway trunks are represented by the official publications of the State Railways and the army, war diaries and especially the military archives, in particular that of the Army General Staff was consulted. When Italy entered the Great War, the transport sector was marked by the dominance of the railway over medium and long distances. Consequently, the logistical effort was concentrated on trains and railway lines, of which new trunks had to be built on both sides of the fighting front. The trucks, despite the strong growth of the war period, were not able to support the movement of large quantities of goods and soldiers and were mainly used in the final parts, where the trains did not arrive. In the period from May 1915 to December 1918, various trunks were activated in the front area both on the Italian side and on the Austrian side, also by virtue of the geographical upheavals caused by the advances and retreats. A characteristic example is that of Cervignano, which was conquered in May 1915 by the Italian Bersaglieri and maintained until October 1917, becoming the headquarters of the III Army headquarters. Thanks to this acquisition, the 10 km long Palmanova-Cervignano del Friuli railway opened in June 1916. In the Austrian part, two mountain railway sections were put into operation: the Chiusa-Plan Val Gardena of 31 km, opened in February 1916; the Ora Val di Fiemme-Predazzo, 50 km narrow gauge, opened in April 1917. Still on the Italian side, the Susegana-Montebelluna, 20 km long, came into operation in May 1916. This as regards the Ferrovie dello Stato , but other trunks were completed or built from scratch by the Venetian Company and other local railway companies, if not directly by the Royal Army, for strictly war purposes, as in the case of the Decauville demountable railways, which counted about 200 km at the time of retreat on the Piave. Some of the trunks made for the Great War were later converted to civil operation, such as: the Cividale-Caporetto, opened in August 1921 and the Dobbiaco-Cortina-Calalzo, opened in April 1921.
2019
Maggi, S. (2019). Le ferrovie dietro al fronte: trasformazioni della rete negli anni di guerra. STORIA URBANA, 162, 13-37 [10.3280/SU2019-162002].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1087860