Systemic fungal infections are, nowadays, of crucial importance for patients affected by AIDS, that have been transplanted, or that are subjected to chemio/radiotherapy for tumors, situations that the immune system may result unable to manage. Viral infections, as an example, often weaken the immune system, leading to the emergence of latent fungal infections. Another important problem related to the antifungal therapy is the onset of resistance that, along with the fact that very few new classes of antifungals have been discovered, makes the research in this field of great importance and interest worldwide. In the last decade, our group explored the great potential of natural and synthetic guanylated compounds, a great amount of work that led to the development of new non-azole antifungal compounds with a macrocycle, endowed with antifungal activity. In this thesis, this class of compounds has been investigated even more, through the synthesis of both novel members of the family and already known ones, which underwent a deep biological characterization. During the search for a putative target for these compounds, the scope of the macrocyclic amidinoureas has been widened, because they showed anti-chitinase activity. Since Chitinases resulted to be a hot topic recently, because of their involvement in many human inflammatory pathologies, we rationally designed and investigated macrocyclic derivatives as human acidic mammalian chitinase inhibitors, exploring the possibilities of this peculiar scaffold. The first chapter of this thesis deals with the novel derivatives for the antifungal project, their biological activity and with an in-depth study of the lead compound. The second chapter, instead, focuses on the Chitinase, its identification, its involvement in human diseases and our efforts to understand how to inhibit its activity via the synthesis of the first derivatives of this related series of compounds. In the third chapter, finally, the chemical and biological procedures have been reported.

Le infezioni fungine sistemiche sono, oggigiorno, di importanza cruciale per pazienti affetti da AIDS, che hanno subito trapianti d’organo, o che stanno subendo chemio/radioterapia contro un tumore, situazioni in cui il sistema immunitario può essere debilitato al punto di non riuscire a gestirle. Le infezioni virali, per esempio, rappresentano un altro caso in cui il sistema immunitario è indebolito, fatto che può portare allo sviluppo di infezioni fungine latenti. Un altro importante aspetto correlato alla terapia antifungina è lo sviluppo della resistenza che, insieme al fatto che esistono in commercio poche classi di antifungini, rende la ricerca in questo campo molto importante e di interesse globale. Negli ultimi anni, il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha esplorato il grande potenziale di composti guanilati naturali e di sintesi, un lavoro articolato che ha portato allo sviluppo di nuovi composti macrociclici e non-azolici, che mostrano attività antifungina. In questa tesi, questa classe di composti è stata studiata attraverso la sintesi sia di nuovi membri della famiglia sia di membri già noti che hanno subito un’intensa caratterizzazione biologica. Durante la ricerca di un target per questi composti, il campo d’azione di queste amidinouree macrocicliche è stato allargato, poiché hanno dimostrato di possedere attività anti-chitinasi. Siccome la chitinasi si è dimostrata un argomento molto studiato di recente, visto il suo coinvolgimento in molte patologie umane di tipo infiammatorio, abbiamo disegnato in modo razionale e investigato nuovi derivati macrociclici da usare come inibitori della human acidic mammalian chitinase, esplorando le grandi possibilità di questo scaffold particolare. Il primo capitolo di questa tesi tratta il lavoro svolto sui nuovi derivati riguardanti il progetto antifungini, la loro attività biologica e uno studio dettagliato sul composto di riferimento. Il secondo capitolo, invece, si focalizza sulla Chitinasi, la sua identificazione, il suo coinvolgimento nelle malattie umane e i nostri sforzi volti alla comprensione di come inibire la sua attività attraverso la sintesi dei primi derivati di questa serie correlata di composti. Il terzo capitolo, infine, riporta le procedure chimiche e biologiche utilizzate.

Orofino, F. (2018). MACROCYCLIC AMIDINOUREAS, A VALID SCAFFOLD FOR ANTIFUNGAL AND CHITINASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS.

MACROCYCLIC AMIDINOUREAS, A VALID SCAFFOLD FOR ANTIFUNGAL AND CHITINASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS

FRANCESCO OROFINO
2018-01-01

Abstract

Systemic fungal infections are, nowadays, of crucial importance for patients affected by AIDS, that have been transplanted, or that are subjected to chemio/radiotherapy for tumors, situations that the immune system may result unable to manage. Viral infections, as an example, often weaken the immune system, leading to the emergence of latent fungal infections. Another important problem related to the antifungal therapy is the onset of resistance that, along with the fact that very few new classes of antifungals have been discovered, makes the research in this field of great importance and interest worldwide. In the last decade, our group explored the great potential of natural and synthetic guanylated compounds, a great amount of work that led to the development of new non-azole antifungal compounds with a macrocycle, endowed with antifungal activity. In this thesis, this class of compounds has been investigated even more, through the synthesis of both novel members of the family and already known ones, which underwent a deep biological characterization. During the search for a putative target for these compounds, the scope of the macrocyclic amidinoureas has been widened, because they showed anti-chitinase activity. Since Chitinases resulted to be a hot topic recently, because of their involvement in many human inflammatory pathologies, we rationally designed and investigated macrocyclic derivatives as human acidic mammalian chitinase inhibitors, exploring the possibilities of this peculiar scaffold. The first chapter of this thesis deals with the novel derivatives for the antifungal project, their biological activity and with an in-depth study of the lead compound. The second chapter, instead, focuses on the Chitinase, its identification, its involvement in human diseases and our efforts to understand how to inhibit its activity via the synthesis of the first derivatives of this related series of compounds. In the third chapter, finally, the chemical and biological procedures have been reported.
2018
Orofino, F. (2018). MACROCYCLIC AMIDINOUREAS, A VALID SCAFFOLD FOR ANTIFUNGAL AND CHITINASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS.
Orofino, Francesco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1046539
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