The geography of innovation in Italy, 1861-1913: evidence from patents data

In this paper we provide a systematic appraisal of the spatial patterns of inventive activity in Italy in the period 1861‒1913 using patent data. First, we introduce a characterization of the spatial distribution of patents and of its evolution over time. Second, we assess the connection between different forms of human capital and patent intensity. We establish a robust correlation between secondary technical education and science and engineering university studies and patent activity. Third, we study the connection between patents and industrialization. Our main finding is that inventive activities were an important element of the industrialization process, even in a latecomer country such as Italy.