Saproxylic beetles, organisms relying on dead or decaying wood during part of their life cycle or on other organisms depending from these resources, are among the most species-rich and functionally diverse components of forest biodiversity. By exploiting various microhabitats, they contribute to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling, while their dependence on specific substrates and microclimates makes them highly sensitive to environmental changes. The present thesis investigates different approaches that can be implemented for the study of this group, focused on: i. the potential of citizen science for monitoring protected saproxylic species at the national scale; ii. the evaluation of the influence that temporal changes of climatic variables can have on beetle community in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity; iii. The assessment of how forest structure and dynamics can influence communities in historically managed beech woodland areas. Within this framework, three case studies are presented. The first one concerns a national citizen science initiative (MIPP/InNat; 2014–2024) aimed at collecting distributional records of protected insect species across Italy. The study evaluates the increase in knowledge of the spatial distribution of the target species over time and explores the potential of georeferenced photographic records to support additional ecological investigations, with a particular focus on eco-ethological traits of Lucanus cervus Linnaeus, 1758. In addition, the social dimension of the project is also examined by characterising volunteer participation and engagement patterns, identifying motivation, social interaction and communication strategies as key factors in sustaining long-term involvement. The second case study compares, over an eleven-year period (2009–2010 and 2021–2022), the characteristics of a community of saproxylic beetles associated with tree cavities in a Spanish National Park. The study reveals a decline in total abundance and marked changes in structure and phenological patterns at community, functional groups and species levels, with heterogeneous responses, mainly influenced by temperature values. The third case study examines how forest structure and silvicultural practices affect saproxylic beetle communities in a central Italian beech forest undergoing conversion from coppice to high forest (i.e., natural evolution, periodic thinning, and anticipated seed cutting). Differences in community composition and diversity indices are observed among the stands, with the detection of structural key drivers of these patterns. The results also indicate that passive abandonment of historically intensively managed areas may be insufficient to promote suitable habitats for biodiversity, highlighting the importance of active management that fosters tree growth and diverse deadwood to support saproxylic beetle diversity. Overall, this thesis further highlights the vulnerability of saproxylic beetles and the challenges of conserving them under ongoing environmental pressures, including climate change and human-driven forest management. Overall, this study highlights the wide range of effects that environmental changes can have on saproxylic beetles and underscores the need to study them from multiple perspectives, including through interdisciplinary collaborations. This approach would, in fact, provide a more comprehensive understanding of the acting dynamics and thus enable the identification of effective strategies for the conservation of forest biodiversity.
Gli organismi che, per almeno una fase del loro ciclo vitale, dipendono dal legno morto o in decomposizione sono detti saproxilici e, tra questi, i coleotteri rappresentano uno dei gruppi più ricchi di specie e funzionalmente diversificati. Essi svolgono un ruolo chiave nella decomposizione del legno e nel ciclo dei nutrienti, e, considerata la loro stretta dipendenza da substrati e condizioni microclimatiche specifiche, risultano essere altamente sensibili ai cambiamenti ambientali. La presente tesi esplora ed espone diversi approcci scientifici volti allo studio e alla valutazione dello stato di conservazione dei coleotteri saproxilici, dal monitoraggio di specie protette attraverso iniziative di scienza partecipata, fino alla valutazione che cambiamenti climatici e strutturali possono avere sulle comunità di coleotteri in termini di diversità tassonomica e funzionale. All’interno di questo quadro, vengono presentati tre casi studio. Il primo si basa su un’iniziativa nazionale di citizen science (MIPP/InNat; 2014–2024) finalizzata alla raccolta di dati distributivi di specie di insetti protetti su territorio nazionale. Lo studio valuta l’incremento di conoscenza della distribuzione spaziale delle specie target nel tempo ed esplora il potenziale dei dati fotografici raccolti per supportare ulteriori indagini ecologiche con particolare riferimento ai tratti eco-etologici di Lucanus cervus Linnaeus, 1758. Inoltre, viene analizzata la dimensione sociale del progetto attraverso l’analisi della partecipazione e dell’impegno dei volontari, evidenziando i fattori chiave per un loro coinvolgimento a lungo termine. Il secondo caso studio confronta, a distanza di undici anni (2009–2010 e 2021–2022), le caratteristiche di una comunità di coleotteri saproxilici associati alle cavità arboree in un Parco Nazionale in Spagna. Lo studio evidenzia un significativo calo nell’abbondanza totale di coleotteri, così come importanti cambiamenti nella struttura e nei pattern fenologici a livello di comunità, gruppi funzionali e singole specie. Infine, il terzo caso studio si concentra sull’influenza della struttura forestale e delle pratiche selvicolturali sulle comunità di coleotteri saproxilici in una faggeta dell’Italia centrale in fase di conversione da ceduo a fustaia mediante diverse tipologie di trattamenti: evoluzione naturale, diradamento periodico e taglio anticipato di sementazione. Tra gli stand investigati si riportano differenze nella composizione delle comunità e negli indici di diversità, individuando alcuni fattori strutturali come principali driver di tali pattern. I risultati suggeriscono inoltre che l’abbandono passivo di aree storicamente gestite non è sufficiente a garantire habitat favorevoli alla biodiversità, evidenziando l’importanza di una gestione attiva che promuova la crescita degli alberi e la diversità di legno morto, tenendo conto sia della storia gestionale passata sia delle pratiche attuali. Complessivamente, questo lavoro presenta alcuni approcci che si possono adottare per studiare lo stato di conservazione dei coleotteri saproxilici e gli effetti che i cambiamenti ambientali possono su questo gruppo. Evidenzia inoltre la necessità di studiare tali fenomeni da più prospettive, anche avvalendosi di collaborazioni interdisciplinari. È difatti sempre più necessario ottenere una visione completa delle dinamiche in atto, per individuare strategie efficaci per la conservazione di questi insetti chiave all’interno dell’ecosistema forestale.
Lenzi, A. (2026). From protected species to communities: citizen science and expert-based approaches to study saproxylic beetles under environmental changes.
From protected species to communities: citizen science and expert-based approaches to study saproxylic beetles under environmental changes
Alice Lenzi
2026-06-05
Abstract
Saproxylic beetles, organisms relying on dead or decaying wood during part of their life cycle or on other organisms depending from these resources, are among the most species-rich and functionally diverse components of forest biodiversity. By exploiting various microhabitats, they contribute to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling, while their dependence on specific substrates and microclimates makes them highly sensitive to environmental changes. The present thesis investigates different approaches that can be implemented for the study of this group, focused on: i. the potential of citizen science for monitoring protected saproxylic species at the national scale; ii. the evaluation of the influence that temporal changes of climatic variables can have on beetle community in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity; iii. The assessment of how forest structure and dynamics can influence communities in historically managed beech woodland areas. Within this framework, three case studies are presented. The first one concerns a national citizen science initiative (MIPP/InNat; 2014–2024) aimed at collecting distributional records of protected insect species across Italy. The study evaluates the increase in knowledge of the spatial distribution of the target species over time and explores the potential of georeferenced photographic records to support additional ecological investigations, with a particular focus on eco-ethological traits of Lucanus cervus Linnaeus, 1758. In addition, the social dimension of the project is also examined by characterising volunteer participation and engagement patterns, identifying motivation, social interaction and communication strategies as key factors in sustaining long-term involvement. The second case study compares, over an eleven-year period (2009–2010 and 2021–2022), the characteristics of a community of saproxylic beetles associated with tree cavities in a Spanish National Park. The study reveals a decline in total abundance and marked changes in structure and phenological patterns at community, functional groups and species levels, with heterogeneous responses, mainly influenced by temperature values. The third case study examines how forest structure and silvicultural practices affect saproxylic beetle communities in a central Italian beech forest undergoing conversion from coppice to high forest (i.e., natural evolution, periodic thinning, and anticipated seed cutting). Differences in community composition and diversity indices are observed among the stands, with the detection of structural key drivers of these patterns. The results also indicate that passive abandonment of historically intensively managed areas may be insufficient to promote suitable habitats for biodiversity, highlighting the importance of active management that fosters tree growth and diverse deadwood to support saproxylic beetle diversity. Overall, this thesis further highlights the vulnerability of saproxylic beetles and the challenges of conserving them under ongoing environmental pressures, including climate change and human-driven forest management. Overall, this study highlights the wide range of effects that environmental changes can have on saproxylic beetles and underscores the need to study them from multiple perspectives, including through interdisciplinary collaborations. This approach would, in fact, provide a more comprehensive understanding of the acting dynamics and thus enable the identification of effective strategies for the conservation of forest biodiversity.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1316499
