The progress in the medical and pharmaceutical fields has profoundly impacted modern society, leading to a significant decrease in mortality caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infectious diseases. Consequently, age-related pathologies, such as cancer and neuroinflammatory-based diseases, have gained increasing prominence. Likewise, advances in scientific knowledge have allowed a more precise classification of neurological disorders that were previously misdiagnosed and inadequately treated, as for some rare forms of epilepsy. All these pathological conditions share a cryptic aetiology and a complex clinical frame, involving both genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as an intricate network of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory pathways. The development of therapeutic strategies based on polypharmacological or synthetic lethality approaches hold promise for targeting multifactorial diseases. The design of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) represents a holistic approach in which a single molecule can simultaneously modulate multiple biological systems, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy while reducing side effects correlated to drug–drug interactions. Within this framework, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has gained considerable importance, as its activation by the two main endogenous ligands, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), can suppress glutamatergic neurotransmission, promote neuroprotective processes, and regulate both peripheral and central inflammatory responses. These effects are particularly relevant in the context of neuroinflammatory-based diseases and neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Since direct agonism of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R) is associated with receptor desensitisation, while psychotropic effects can come from CB1R overstimulation, the modulation of AEA or 2-AG biosynthetic and catabolic pathways represents a valuable strategy to obtain the same benefits while minimizing adverse effects. In this frame, this PhD project focused on the development of novel polypharmacological tools able to arrest the activity of AEA or 2-AG catabolic enzymes, namely fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) respectively, whilst integrating either antagonism toward the histaminergic system, particularly the H3 autoreceptor subtype, inhibiting epigenetic modulators, such as histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). The constructed compounds simultaneously inhibiting FAAH and MGL enzymes while antagonising H3R showed interesting neuroprotective activity in an ex vivo murine model of neuroinflammation. Similarly, they can promote the differentiation of human oligodendrocyte precursor cells into the corresponding mature glial cells, suggesting a potential application in the treatment of demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, HDAC6/MGL hybrids displayed balanced inhibitory activity on both target proteins, as well as an absence of toxicity in 1321N1 astrocytes, indicating their potential use in therapies for neuroinflammatory-based disorders, to be further probed through more in-depth pharmacological assays. Another approach involved the development of compounds able to hinder the production of 2-AG by blocking both the α and β isoforms of diacylglycerol lipase (DGLα and DGLβ). Based on previous pharmacological assays, the intriguing enzymatic profiles of the constructed derivatives on the biological targets suggest their potential use in the pharmacological treatment of absence epilepsy in paediatric patients, to be corroborated with additional in vivo experiments. On the other hand, genetic mutations play a crucial role in oncogenesis and during tumour growth. Recently, the synthetic lethality (SL) approach has attracted considerable interest due to its high selectivity and efficacy. This concept is based on the functional interaction between two cellular components, whether genes or their encoded proteins, where the loss or inhibition of either alone does not compromise cell viability, but the simultaneous alteration of both leads to cell death. This approach enables the development of personalised therapies characterised by a high specificity toward neoplastic cells harbouring peculiar genetic mutants, while sparing healthy cells lacking the altered genotype. A perfect example of this strategy is the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in tumour cells bearing mutated breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2), which impairs the cellular ability to repair DNA damage. Nonetheless, compensatory mechanisms acquire by neoplastic cells has limited the therapeutic efficacy of this approach, hence the molecular basis of such resistance has been deep investigated to restore treatment effectiveness. In this context, the radiation-sensitive protein 52 (RAD52) has emerged as a promising target to hinder both single- and double-strand DNA repair in BRCA-deficient cells treated with PARP inhibitors, thereby inducing a lethal effect. Building on the insights gained from F79 aptamer, this PhD work embarked in the development of novel small peptide and peptidomimetic molecules modulating RAD52 activity by interfering with protomer–protomer interactions, thus preventing the assembly of the target protein and inducing neoplastic cell death.
Il progresso nel campo medico-farmaceutico ha fortemente impattato sulla società, diminuendo significativamente il tasso di mortalità dovuto alle malattie infettive di natura batterica, virale o parassitaria. Conseguentemente, patologie relative all’invecchiamento, come il cancro e le malattie su base neuroinfiammatoria, hanno gradualmente acquisito molta rilevanza. Allo stesso modo, le nuove conoscenze scientifiche hanno permesso di definire più precisamente dei disturbi neurologici fino ad oggi annoverati sotto etichette errate e quindi trattate inadeguatamente, come alcune forme rare di epilessia. Tutte queste condizioni patologiche sono accomunate da un’eziologia poco nota ed un quadro clinico complesso, in cui sono coinvolti sia fattori genetici che epigenetici, nonché un intrigato network di neurotrasmissione e neuromodulazione. Lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche basate su approcci polifarmacologici o di letalità sintetica promettono di colpire efficacemente queste malattie multifattoriali. Lo sviluppo di ligandi capaci di modulare contemporaneamente più bersagli molecolari rappresenta un approccio olistico nel quale una molecola può contemporaneamente modulare più sistemi biologici, aumentando l’efficacia terapeutica e riducendo gli effetti collaterali dovuti alle interazioni farmaco-farmaco. In tale contesto, grande importanza ha assunto il sistema endocannabinoide (ECS), la cui attivazione da parte dei due più importanti ligandi endogeni, anandamide (AEA) e 2-arachidonoilglicerolo (2-AG), deprime la neurotrasmissione glutammatergica, promuove i processi neuroprotettivi e regola la risposta infiammatoria periferica e centrale. Ciò risulta essere di estrema rilevanza nell’ambito di patologie con base neuroinfiammatoria o in disturbi neurologici, come l’epilessia. Visto che l’agonismo diretto dei recettori cannabinoidi 1 e 2 (CB1R e CB2R) è connesso a desensibilizzazione degli stessi, nonché ad effetti psicotropici dovuti alla sovrastimolazione dei CB1R, la modulazione dei processi biosintetici e catabolici dell’AEA o del 2-AG è una strategia che mantiene i benefici dovuti alla attivazione dell’ECS, limitando gli effetti avversi. Questo progetto di dottorato si è concentrato sullo sviluppo di nuovi strumenti polifarmacologici che hanno la capacità di modulare i principali enzimi catabolici di AEA e 2-AG, rispettivamente l’idrolasi delle ammidi degli acidi grassi (FAAH) e la lipasi dei monoacilgliceroli (MGL), per lo sviluppo quindi di agonisti indiretti dell’ECS. Abbiamo però pensato di espandere la nostra ricerca attraverso l’integrazione di un’attività antagonista del sistema istaminergico, precisamente verso il sottotipo autorecettoriale H3 (H3R), o inibitoria verso modulatori epigenetici, nella fattispecie l’isoforma 6 dell’istone deacetilasi (HDAC6). I composti inibitori degli enzimi FAAH e MGL ed antagonisti del H3R hanno dimostrato un’interessante attività neuroprotettiva in un modello murino ex-vivo di neuroinfiammazione. Allo stesso tempo, sono efficaci nel promuovere la differenziazione dei precursori degli oligodendrociti umani nelle corrispondenti cellule gliali mature, suggerendo una loro possibile applicazione nell’ambito del trattamento di patologie demielinizzanti come la sclerosi multipla. D’altro canto, i composti ibridi HDAC6/MGL hanno dimostrato una bilanciata attività inibitoria su entrambe le proteine target, così come un’assenza di tossicità sugli astrociti 1321N1, indicando un loro potenziale utilizzo nelle terapie di patologie su base neuroinfiammatoria, da verificare con successivi saggi farmacologici. Un ulteriore approccio ha previsto lo sviluppo di composti capaci di ostacolare la produzione di 2-AG mediante il blocco di entrambe le isoforme α e β della lipasi dei diacilgliceroli (DGLα and DGLβ). Sulla base di saggi farmacologici precedenti, l’intrigante profilo enzimatico dei derivati costruiti sui target biologici suggerisce un loro potenziale utilizzo nel trattamento farmacologico dell’epilessia con assenze in pazienti pediatrici, da corroborare con ulteriori esperimenti in vitro ed in vivo. D’altro canto, le mutazioni genetiche assumono un’estrema rilevanza in ambito oncologico, favorendo la cancerogenesi ed il successivo progresso della massa tumorale. Recentemente, l’approccio di letalità sintetica (SL) ha attratto molto interesse per via della sua elevata selettività ed efficacia. Questo concetto si basa sull’interazione funzionale tra due elementi cellulari, che siano geni o le corrispondenti proteine codificate, in cui la perdita o l’inibizione di uno solo di essi non compromette la vitalità cellulare, mentre la simultanea alterazione di entrambi risulta essere letale. Ciò permette di sviluppare delle terapie personalizzate caratterizzate da una elevata specificità per le cellule neoplastiche recanti una determinata mutazione genetica, mentre le cellule sane che non presentino tale isoforma genetica sarebbero risparmiate. Un’applicazione emblematica di questo approccio è rappresentata dall’inibizione della poli ADP-ribosio polimerasi (PARP) in cellule tumorali recanti mutazioni dei geni 1 e 2 del tumore al seno (BRCA1/2), la quale comprometterebbe la capacità della cellula di riparare i danni al DNA. Tuttavia, l’insorgenza di meccanismi di compensazione da parte delle cellule neoplastiche associata a tale approccio ha reso necessaria una indagine approfondita su questi meccanismi di resistenza, in modo da ristabilire l’efficacia terapeutica di questa strategia. In questo contesto, la proteina sensibile alle radiazioni 52 (RAD52) è emersa come un potenziale bersaglio da colpire allo scopo di ostruire completamente la riparazione dei danni al singolo e doppio filamento del DNA in cellule BRCA-deficienti trattate con inibitori di PARP, provocando un effetto letale. Tenendo in considerazione le informazioni provenienti dallo sviluppo dell’aptamero F79, questo lavoro di dottorato si è focalizzato sullo sviluppo di nuove molecole di natura peptidica o peptico-mimetica potenzialmente in grado di modulare l’attività di RAD52 andando ad ostacolare le interazioni protomero-protomero, impedendo l’assemblaggio della proteina target ed inducendo la morte delle cellule neoplastiche.
Tardiolo, N. (2026). DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN MODULATORS WITH THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY-BASED DISEASES, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND PANCREATIC CANCER.
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN MODULATORS WITH THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY-BASED DISEASES, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND PANCREATIC CANCER
Nicola Tardiolo
2026-04-15
Abstract
The progress in the medical and pharmaceutical fields has profoundly impacted modern society, leading to a significant decrease in mortality caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infectious diseases. Consequently, age-related pathologies, such as cancer and neuroinflammatory-based diseases, have gained increasing prominence. Likewise, advances in scientific knowledge have allowed a more precise classification of neurological disorders that were previously misdiagnosed and inadequately treated, as for some rare forms of epilepsy. All these pathological conditions share a cryptic aetiology and a complex clinical frame, involving both genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as an intricate network of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory pathways. The development of therapeutic strategies based on polypharmacological or synthetic lethality approaches hold promise for targeting multifactorial diseases. The design of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) represents a holistic approach in which a single molecule can simultaneously modulate multiple biological systems, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy while reducing side effects correlated to drug–drug interactions. Within this framework, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has gained considerable importance, as its activation by the two main endogenous ligands, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), can suppress glutamatergic neurotransmission, promote neuroprotective processes, and regulate both peripheral and central inflammatory responses. These effects are particularly relevant in the context of neuroinflammatory-based diseases and neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Since direct agonism of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R) is associated with receptor desensitisation, while psychotropic effects can come from CB1R overstimulation, the modulation of AEA or 2-AG biosynthetic and catabolic pathways represents a valuable strategy to obtain the same benefits while minimizing adverse effects. In this frame, this PhD project focused on the development of novel polypharmacological tools able to arrest the activity of AEA or 2-AG catabolic enzymes, namely fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) respectively, whilst integrating either antagonism toward the histaminergic system, particularly the H3 autoreceptor subtype, inhibiting epigenetic modulators, such as histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). The constructed compounds simultaneously inhibiting FAAH and MGL enzymes while antagonising H3R showed interesting neuroprotective activity in an ex vivo murine model of neuroinflammation. Similarly, they can promote the differentiation of human oligodendrocyte precursor cells into the corresponding mature glial cells, suggesting a potential application in the treatment of demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, HDAC6/MGL hybrids displayed balanced inhibitory activity on both target proteins, as well as an absence of toxicity in 1321N1 astrocytes, indicating their potential use in therapies for neuroinflammatory-based disorders, to be further probed through more in-depth pharmacological assays. Another approach involved the development of compounds able to hinder the production of 2-AG by blocking both the α and β isoforms of diacylglycerol lipase (DGLα and DGLβ). Based on previous pharmacological assays, the intriguing enzymatic profiles of the constructed derivatives on the biological targets suggest their potential use in the pharmacological treatment of absence epilepsy in paediatric patients, to be corroborated with additional in vivo experiments. On the other hand, genetic mutations play a crucial role in oncogenesis and during tumour growth. Recently, the synthetic lethality (SL) approach has attracted considerable interest due to its high selectivity and efficacy. This concept is based on the functional interaction between two cellular components, whether genes or their encoded proteins, where the loss or inhibition of either alone does not compromise cell viability, but the simultaneous alteration of both leads to cell death. This approach enables the development of personalised therapies characterised by a high specificity toward neoplastic cells harbouring peculiar genetic mutants, while sparing healthy cells lacking the altered genotype. A perfect example of this strategy is the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in tumour cells bearing mutated breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2), which impairs the cellular ability to repair DNA damage. Nonetheless, compensatory mechanisms acquire by neoplastic cells has limited the therapeutic efficacy of this approach, hence the molecular basis of such resistance has been deep investigated to restore treatment effectiveness. In this context, the radiation-sensitive protein 52 (RAD52) has emerged as a promising target to hinder both single- and double-strand DNA repair in BRCA-deficient cells treated with PARP inhibitors, thereby inducing a lethal effect. Building on the insights gained from F79 aptamer, this PhD work embarked in the development of novel small peptide and peptidomimetic molecules modulating RAD52 activity by interfering with protomer–protomer interactions, thus preventing the assembly of the target protein and inducing neoplastic cell death.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1312675
