Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in the Western world, represents a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from indolent to aggressive disease. While current therapies inhibit signalling pathways that drive CLL cell survival and proliferation, significant proportion of CLL cases develop resistance over time or might be refractory to treatment. These challenges highlight the need to uncover mechanisms of CLL pathogenesis and identify new molecular targets. We previously described that CLL cells are characterized by an ectopic expression of the immunomodulatory receptor, the immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3/LILRB4), which might be implicated in the regulatory pathways that are central to CLL pathogenesis. In this thesis work, we aimed to study the regulation of ILT3 expression and its role in CLL cell proliferation and disease progression. First, we used a CLL-derived B cell-line MEC-1 as a tool to study ILT3-associated gene expression program, identifying genes co-expressed with ILT3 by RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis allowed to predict a group regulating immunoregulatory mechanisms (IL-10, TNFRS4, CD276, CD25, TGFBR2, RASGRP1, IRS2) upregulated both in MEC-1 cells and in proliferating primary CLL cells in vitro. Interestingly, ILT3 was upregulated in the circulating CXCR4lowCD5high proliferative CLL cell subset and in the lymph node-resident CLL cells ex vivo, overall linking ILT3 expression to the proliferative and activated states in primary CLL cells. By using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated silencing, we established that ILT3 is critical for the survival of proliferating CLL cells, limiting lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death. Transcriptomics analysis of ILT3-silenced CLL cells revealed a signature of mitochondrial dysfunctionality reinforcing the implication of ILT3 in controlling CLL cell proliferation. To further investigate ILT3 role in CLL progression, we conducted our studies in Eμ-TCL-1 transgenic mice, the murine model of CLL. First, we set up a protocol to achieve high CRISPR/Cas9-based gene silencing efficiency in tumor TCL-1 cells, efficiently expand them in vitro and transfer into animals for monitoring of the silencing effect upon disease progression. Application of this protocol to silencing of murine orthologus of human ILT3 revealed that its silencing did not affect murine CLL cell proliferation or their engraftment in vivo. Our findings overall suggest that ILT3 represents a marker of immunoregulatory program upregulated in proliferating CLL cells and, importantly, implicated in the regulation of lipid peroxidation and metabolic homeostasis. These results reinforce the rationale to further explore specific regulatory function of ILT3 in the context of human CLL.

La leucemia linfatica cronica (LLC) è la forma di leucemia più comune nel mondo occidentale con un decorso clinico estremamente variabile, da forme indolenti fino ad aggressive. Sebbene le terapie attuali mirino a inibire le vie di segnalazione responsabili della sopravvivenza e proliferazione delle cellule di LLC, una parte significativa dei casi sviluppano resistenza nel tempo o essere refrattaria al trattamento. Questo evidenzia la necessità di comprendere meglio i meccanismi alla base della progressione della malattia e di individuare nuovi bersagli molecolari. In studi precedenti abbiamo dimostrato che le cellule di LLC esprimono in maniera ectopica il recettore immunomodulatorio ILT3/LILRB4, suggerendo un suo ruolo nei meccanismi regolatori centrali della patogenesi della LLC. In questa tesi, ci siamo concentrati sull’analisi della regolazione di ILT3 e sul suo coinvolgimento nella proliferazione cellulare e nella progressione della malattia. Utilizzando la linea cellulare MEC-1, analizzato un programma di espressione genica associato a ILT3 e identificato tramite RNA-seq i geni co-espressi con ILT3. L’analisi bioinformatica ha rivelato un gruppo di geni associati a meccanismi immunoregolatori (IL-10, TNFRS4, CD276, CD25, TGFBR2, RASGRP1, IRS2), upregolati sia nelle cellule MEC-1 sia nelle cellule primarie di LLC proliferanti in vitro. Inoltre, ILT3 risulta maggiormente espresso nel sottogruppo proliferativo di cellule di LLC circolanti CXCR4lowCD5high e nelle cellule di LLC presenti nei linfonodi ex vivo, collegando l’espressione di ILT3 agli stati proliferativi e attivati delle cellule primarie di LLC. Attraverso il silenziamento di ILT3 tramite CRISPR/Cas9, è stato dimostrato che ILT3 è essenziale per la sopravvivenza delle cellule di LLC, poiché limita la perossidazione lipida e induce la conseguente ferroptosi. L'analisi trascrittomica delle cellule primarie di LLC silenziate per ILT3 ha evidenziato un profilo di espressione genica associato alla disfunzionalità mitocondriale, confermando così una stretta connessione con i dati ottenuti. Per valutare ulteriormente il ruolo di ILT3 nella LLC, abbiamo utilizzato cellule derivate da topi transgenici Eμ-TCL-1, modello murino di LLC. Abbiamo sviluppato un protocollo per ottenere un'elevata efficienza di silenziamento genico basato su CRISPR/Cas9 nelle cellule tumorali TCL-1, per espanderle in vitro e trasferirle negli animali al fine di monitorare l'effetto del silenziamento durante la progressione tumorale. Tuttavia, il silenziamento dell’ortologo murino di ILT3 umano non ha influenzato la proliferazione delle cellule CLL murine né la loro espansione in vivo. Questi risultati suggeriscono che ILT3 rappresenta un marcatore di un programma immunoregolatorio upregolato nelle cellule LLC proliferanti e sottolineano il ruolo cruciale di ILT3 nella regolazione della perossidazione lipidica e dell’omeostasi metabolica, supportando la necessità di ulteriori studi per chiarire le sue funzioni regolatorie nel contesto della CLL umana.

Drago, R. (2025). Dissecting the role of ILT3 immunmodulatory receptor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Dissecting the role of ILT3 immunmodulatory receptor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Drago, Roberta
2025-03-26

Abstract

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in the Western world, represents a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from indolent to aggressive disease. While current therapies inhibit signalling pathways that drive CLL cell survival and proliferation, significant proportion of CLL cases develop resistance over time or might be refractory to treatment. These challenges highlight the need to uncover mechanisms of CLL pathogenesis and identify new molecular targets. We previously described that CLL cells are characterized by an ectopic expression of the immunomodulatory receptor, the immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3/LILRB4), which might be implicated in the regulatory pathways that are central to CLL pathogenesis. In this thesis work, we aimed to study the regulation of ILT3 expression and its role in CLL cell proliferation and disease progression. First, we used a CLL-derived B cell-line MEC-1 as a tool to study ILT3-associated gene expression program, identifying genes co-expressed with ILT3 by RNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis allowed to predict a group regulating immunoregulatory mechanisms (IL-10, TNFRS4, CD276, CD25, TGFBR2, RASGRP1, IRS2) upregulated both in MEC-1 cells and in proliferating primary CLL cells in vitro. Interestingly, ILT3 was upregulated in the circulating CXCR4lowCD5high proliferative CLL cell subset and in the lymph node-resident CLL cells ex vivo, overall linking ILT3 expression to the proliferative and activated states in primary CLL cells. By using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated silencing, we established that ILT3 is critical for the survival of proliferating CLL cells, limiting lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death. Transcriptomics analysis of ILT3-silenced CLL cells revealed a signature of mitochondrial dysfunctionality reinforcing the implication of ILT3 in controlling CLL cell proliferation. To further investigate ILT3 role in CLL progression, we conducted our studies in Eμ-TCL-1 transgenic mice, the murine model of CLL. First, we set up a protocol to achieve high CRISPR/Cas9-based gene silencing efficiency in tumor TCL-1 cells, efficiently expand them in vitro and transfer into animals for monitoring of the silencing effect upon disease progression. Application of this protocol to silencing of murine orthologus of human ILT3 revealed that its silencing did not affect murine CLL cell proliferation or their engraftment in vivo. Our findings overall suggest that ILT3 represents a marker of immunoregulatory program upregulated in proliferating CLL cells and, importantly, implicated in the regulation of lipid peroxidation and metabolic homeostasis. These results reinforce the rationale to further explore specific regulatory function of ILT3 in the context of human CLL.
26-mar-2025
XXXVII
Drago, R. (2025). Dissecting the role of ILT3 immunmodulatory receptor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
Drago, Roberta
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1288954