Introduction: Hearing loss is a condition with significant clinical, social, and economic impact, leading to social isolation. It affects approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide, with projections indicating an additional 50% increase over the next thirty years. The loss of auditory function is associated with neuro-cognitive decline and increased listening effort, as well as reduced working memory, greater difficulty processing speech, remembering heard information, longer response times, and an increased risk of errors in auditory information processing. Additionally, with prolonged auditory deprivation, cortical reorganization occurs, which is not always fully reversible with the restoration of hearing function. In patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss, one of the strategies of rehabilitation might be the placement of a cochlear implant (CI); however, despite increasingly advanced technological development, the outcomes of the implant vary widely among patients, as does the time required for rehabilitation. In previous studies on patients using hearing aids, transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the auditory cortex has shown significant results in terms of auditory improvement, providing a precedent for the treatment of patients with cochlear implants. Methods: After demonstrating the safety of rTMS in vitro on devices, patients with unilateral CI (Mi1200 Synchrony MED-EL) for at least six months, with stable performance but difficulties in perceptual abilities, were enrolled. In this double-blind randomized study, patients were assigned to active stimulation or sham (control group). Fourteen patients were enrolled (7 males, 7 females), with an average age of 58.3 years ± 17.6. The patients underwent rTMS sessions for 5 consecutive days, followed by speech therapy. Evaluations were conducted before stimulation (T0), on the fifth day (T1), one week after treatment (T2), and six months post-treatment (T3), including: free-field pure-tone audiometry, Italian Matrix Sentence Test (IMST), I Care protocol, PASAT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test), and EEG. Stimulation was performed at Brodmann areas 22 and 42 using a Figure-Of-Eight coil, with a frequency of 10 Hz and a duration of 20 minutes. Results: A clear trend of improvement in Speech Reception Threshold was observed at the IMST for the real rTMS group compared to the sham group, although statistical significance was not reached. In speech therapy evaluations, a significant improvement was found in both groups for tests related to question comprehension in cocktail party setting. Performance improvement was significant in the real rTMS group in the PASAT. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the feasibility and safety of rTMS in patients with CI; this is pivotal, as until a few years ago, CI was an absolute contraindication for TMS. Patients reported only minimal and transient side effects, with no negative impact on auditory perception or implant functionality. Preliminary results showed a general improvement in speech perception in the real rTMS group compared to the sham group, especially in background noise evaluations across audiological, speech therapy, and neuropsychological assessments. This suggests that the combination of rTMS and speech therapy has effects on cortical plasticity that help enhance auditory discrimination, particularly in noisy environments, as well as working memory, leading to reduced listening effort, increased CI performance, and decreased social and psychological distress typically affecting hearing-impaired patients.

Abstract Introduzione: L’ipoacusia è una patologia a grande impatto clinico, sociale ed economico, con conseguenze sull’isolamento sociale. Affligge circa 1,6 miliardi di persone nel mondo e le proiezioni prevedono un ulteriore aumento del 50% circa nei prossimi trent’anni. La perdita della funzionalità uditiva è associata a un aumento del declino cognitivo e del listening effort, oltre che alla riduzione della working memory, con maggiori difficoltà a processare il discorso, ricordare le informazioni udite, aumento del tempo impiegato per produrre una risposta e aumento del rischio di commettere errori nel processamento dell’informazione uditiva; inoltre, con il persistere della deprivazione uditiva si ha una riorganizzazione corticale, che non sempre è del tutto reversibile con il ripristino della funzionalità uditiva. Una delle strategie per riabilitare i pazienti con sordità grave profonda può essere l’impianto cocleare (IC); tuttavia, nonostante lo sviluppo tecnologico sempre più avanzato, la resa dell’impianto è molto variabile fra i pazienti, così come il tempo di riabilitazione richiesto. In studi precedenti eseguiti su pazienti portatori di protesi acustiche, la rTMS a livello della corteccia uditiva ha dimostrato risultati significativi per quanto concerne il miglioramento uditivo in tali pazienti, fornendo un precedente per il trattamento dei pazienti con impianto cocleare. Metodi: una volta dimostrata la sicurezza della rTMS in vitro sui devices, sono stati arruolati pazienti portatori di IC unilaterale compatibile (Mi1200 Synchrony MED-EL ) da almeno sei mesi, con performances stabili ma con difficoltà nelle abilità percettive. In questo studio randomizzato in doppio cieco, i pazienti venivano assegnati a stimolazione attiva o sham (gruppo controllo). Sono stati arruolati 14 pazienti (7 maschi, 7 femmine), età media 58,3 anni ± 17,6. I pazienti eseguivano sessioni di rTMS per 5 giorni consecutivi, seguite da logopedia. Le valutazioni venivano eseguite prima della stimolazione (T0), al quinto giorno (T1), una settimana dopo il trattamento (T2) e a sei mesi dalla fine (T3) e includevano: esame audiometrico tonale in campo libero, Italian Matrix Sentence Test (IMST), protocollo I Care, PASAT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test) ed EEG. La stimolazione veniva eseguita in corrispondenza delle aree 22 e 42 di Brodmann con una bobina Figure-Of-Eight ed era una stimolazione a 10 Hz, con durata di 20 minuti. Risultati: all’IMST è stato osservato un chiaro trend di miglioramento della Speech Reception Threshold per il gruppo real rTMS rispetto al gruppo sham, anche se non è stata raggiunta la significatività statistica. Per quanto concerne la valutazione logopedia, è risultato significativo il miglioramento di entrambi i gruppi nei test riguardanti la comprensione di domande in modalità cocktail party. Al PASAT è risultato essere significativo l’aumento di performance osservato nel gruppo real rTMS. Conclusioni: lo studio ha dimostrato la fattibilità e la sicurezza dell’esecuzione della rTMS nei pazienti portatori di IC; questo elemento è cardinale, in quanto fino a pochi anni fa l’IC rappresentava una controindicazione assoluta all’esecuzione della TMS. I pazienti hanno lamentato solo effetti collaterali minimi e transitori, senza effetti negativi sulla percezione uditiva o sulla funzionalità dell’impianto. Il trend dei risultati preliminari ha mostrato un generale e omogeneo miglioramento della percezione del discorso nei pazienti che del gruppo real rTMS rispetto al gruppo sham, soprattutto nelle valutazioni con rumore di sottofondo, sia in ambito audiologico, logopedico e neuropsicologico. Questo suggerisce che la combinazione fra rTMS e logopedia abbia effetti sulla plasticità corticale utili ad aumentare la discriminazione uditiva, soprattutto in ambiente rumoroso, e la working memory, con conseguente riduzione del listening effort, con conseguente aumento della resa dell’IC e riduzione dei disagi sociali e psicologici che affliggono generalmente i pazienti con ipoacusia.

Viberti, F. (2024). Effetti della rTMS nei pazienti con ipoacusia neurosensoriale grave portatori di Impianto Cocleare [10.25434/viberti-francesca_phd2024-12-19].

Effetti della rTMS nei pazienti con ipoacusia neurosensoriale grave portatori di Impianto Cocleare

viberti, francesca
2024-12-19

Abstract

Introduction: Hearing loss is a condition with significant clinical, social, and economic impact, leading to social isolation. It affects approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide, with projections indicating an additional 50% increase over the next thirty years. The loss of auditory function is associated with neuro-cognitive decline and increased listening effort, as well as reduced working memory, greater difficulty processing speech, remembering heard information, longer response times, and an increased risk of errors in auditory information processing. Additionally, with prolonged auditory deprivation, cortical reorganization occurs, which is not always fully reversible with the restoration of hearing function. In patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss, one of the strategies of rehabilitation might be the placement of a cochlear implant (CI); however, despite increasingly advanced technological development, the outcomes of the implant vary widely among patients, as does the time required for rehabilitation. In previous studies on patients using hearing aids, transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the auditory cortex has shown significant results in terms of auditory improvement, providing a precedent for the treatment of patients with cochlear implants. Methods: After demonstrating the safety of rTMS in vitro on devices, patients with unilateral CI (Mi1200 Synchrony MED-EL) for at least six months, with stable performance but difficulties in perceptual abilities, were enrolled. In this double-blind randomized study, patients were assigned to active stimulation or sham (control group). Fourteen patients were enrolled (7 males, 7 females), with an average age of 58.3 years ± 17.6. The patients underwent rTMS sessions for 5 consecutive days, followed by speech therapy. Evaluations were conducted before stimulation (T0), on the fifth day (T1), one week after treatment (T2), and six months post-treatment (T3), including: free-field pure-tone audiometry, Italian Matrix Sentence Test (IMST), I Care protocol, PASAT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test), and EEG. Stimulation was performed at Brodmann areas 22 and 42 using a Figure-Of-Eight coil, with a frequency of 10 Hz and a duration of 20 minutes. Results: A clear trend of improvement in Speech Reception Threshold was observed at the IMST for the real rTMS group compared to the sham group, although statistical significance was not reached. In speech therapy evaluations, a significant improvement was found in both groups for tests related to question comprehension in cocktail party setting. Performance improvement was significant in the real rTMS group in the PASAT. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the feasibility and safety of rTMS in patients with CI; this is pivotal, as until a few years ago, CI was an absolute contraindication for TMS. Patients reported only minimal and transient side effects, with no negative impact on auditory perception or implant functionality. Preliminary results showed a general improvement in speech perception in the real rTMS group compared to the sham group, especially in background noise evaluations across audiological, speech therapy, and neuropsychological assessments. This suggests that the combination of rTMS and speech therapy has effects on cortical plasticity that help enhance auditory discrimination, particularly in noisy environments, as well as working memory, leading to reduced listening effort, increased CI performance, and decreased social and psychological distress typically affecting hearing-impaired patients.
19-dic-2024
Mancini, Patrizia; Pecci, Rudi
XXXVII
Viberti, F. (2024). Effetti della rTMS nei pazienti con ipoacusia neurosensoriale grave portatori di Impianto Cocleare [10.25434/viberti-francesca_phd2024-12-19].
Viberti, Francesca
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1279994