This thesis investigates the reception and fictional works dedicated to the female painter Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1654ca), who has become in recent decades an icon capable of arousing cultural tensions and inducing audience reactions of a performative and identity-driven nature. Despite her growing success, however, Artemisia still remains an indefinable and divisive figure, given the elusiveness and at the same time the pervasiveness of her “polymorphic imagery” (cf. FUSILLO 2018). While such a dynamic should lead art history and art criticism to re-establish a more philological and tangible dimension of the painter, it should also, however, lead cultural historians and comparatists to thoroughly investigate the meaning of such a “metamorphosis”, avoiding that these two critical thrusts ending up cancelling each other out, in the (false) belief that they respectively have the exclusivity over the artist. In the awareness that Artemisia’s fortunes today cannot be understood through a solely “archaeological” or “anachronistic” approach, but rather it is necessary to alternate them as in the hermeneutic movement described by Didi-Huberman's “imprint” (2009), the structure of the paper is then divided into two parts, one of a more diachronic character and another of a more synchronic setting. Given this premise, the proposed itinerary aims to show how Artemisia’s “iconic power” cannot be dismissed to a mere feminist stunt or a product of the culture industry, but is determined (also) by deeper reasons, related to those “culture wars” (cf. MUIR 2008) that, born precisely in the seventeenth century, still characterize our time today. The first diachronic part, entitled Artemisia and Artemisias: from documents to the imagery and back is divided into two chapters. The first analyzes Artemisia and her time, that is, the “posture” (cf. MEIZOZ 2007) and the process of female “self-fashioning” (cf. GREENBLATT) that led the painter to assert herself with great authority within a domain such as painting, that was considered a male preserve at that time, coming also into contact with the most influential political and cultural figures of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo Galilei. In this sense, the recent critical edition of Artemisia’s letters edited by Francesco Solinas (2011 and 2021) is an indispensable reference point for the thesis, which attempts to retrace the stages of the artist’s long and stateless career, articulated in very different contexts such as Rome, Florence, Venice, Naples and London. The second chapter, on the other hand, delves into Artemisia and our time, unfolding in a chronological manner the phases and continuity solutions of her posthumous reception, proposing a first systematic periodization: the slippage of Artemisia’s critical fortune from the center of the political and cultural scene in the seventeenth century to peripheral centers such as that of Pisa in the eighteenth century; the “erotic legend” associated with her figure, which arose during the 1612 rape trial and found in the publication of the proceedings by Bertolotti (1876) a point of no return for the stratification of her imagery; the critical rediscovery in contemporary times under the sign of Caravaggism by Longhi (1916), whose problematic tones, however, make him a “reluctant pioneer” (cf. BENEDETTI 1999); the “invention” of Artemisia as a modern literary character with Banti’s novel (1947), thanks to which the painter is no longer conceivable only as a historical character, but has become an “allegorical figure stuck in the depths of time” (BAZZOCCHI 2021); the systematic process of rediscovery operated by second-wave feminism in the 1970s and 1980s, which made the artist a symbol of its own political and social battles; the “fictionalization” process of the 1990s that saw an unprecedented proliferation of novels, plays, films, etc. dedicated to the painter (the so-called Artemisia fictions, cf. LENT 2006), which mark a regression from the previous decades both from a feminist and a historiographical point of view – because they are dictated by dynamics more functional to dramaturgical logics, such as the eroticization of the relationship between Artemisia and her rapist Agostino Tassi, or the sweetening of that between the painter and her father Orazio; the acceleration marked by the 2002 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, after which Artemisia was elected by the “New York Times” as the ‘it’ girl of the season, inspiring increasingly heterogeneous and cross-cultural industry contents; and finally, the further “symbolic capital” (BOURDIEU) assumed by Artemisia after the emergence of #MeToo movement and the growing popularity of social networks. The second synchronic part of the thesis, entitled Artemisia and the Moment of her “Legibility”. A Critical “Constellation”: Trauma, Genre, Transmedia, takes its cue from the Benjaminian concepts of “dialectical image” and “legibility”, later also declined further by Barthes and Didi-Huberman, in an attempt to identify in three thematic chapters the reasons why just today, and not a century or two ago, Artemisia and her work have come to “legibility” for “us, moderns” (cf. BARTHES 1979). 1) The spectral dimension of trauma, intrinsic to the painter's own private biography, which the thesis attempts to bring out by analyzing some Artemisia fictions of particular interest, read in the light of Trauma Studies and Derrida’s hantologie. 2) The gendered dimension that, through the reflections of De Lauretis, Bal, Pollock, Mulvey, Kristeva, etc., the thesis applies to some of Artemisia’s paintings that formalize in different ways a new relationship (an “elsewhere”) between feminine and masculine: in particular, the thesis analyzes in this regard Susanna and the Elders, Judith and Holofernes, Corisca and the Satyr, Christ and the Samaritan Woman, Achilles in the Palace of Lycomedes and Hercules and Onphale. 3) Finally, the transmedia dimension that the character of Artemisia is taking on, which makes her one of the most prolific mythopoeic matrices of the third millennium, and thus a case study that could fit fully into the contemporary philosophical debate around the potentialities, and risks, of mythic narrative in a progressive sense (cf. CITTON 2013): in this respect, the thesis investigates Artemisia as an archetype of the “female artist’s character” in both highbrow and middlebrow artistic-literary production (cf. HOLMES 2018); as a performative tool in the “Theatre of Catastrophe” of the famous playwright Howard Barker, who was inspired precisely by the painter for his play Scenes from an Execution; as an “ekphrastic device” in the context of the recent pictorial turn; as a “transmedia character” of the contemporary digital museum scene, as well as a testimonial of innovative advertising campaigns and brand activism policies. Finally, in the conclusions, the thesis seeks to frame the figure of the painter as a classic of our time. Thus, the critical itinerary described aims to emphasize how dealing with an artist of Artemisia’s caliber always means relating her to the present: like the brightest stars that form the genealogical “constellation” through which we orient our lives, Artemisia and her work allow us to glimpse in watermark the evolution of Western culture as a whole, and thus the characteristics of a history that is inevitably contemporary. Artemisia’s oeuvre is a classic because it has been, is, and will continue to be the oeuvre of Artemisia, today.
La tesi indaga la ricezione e le opere di finzione dedicate alla pittrice Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1654ca), divenuta negli ultimi decenni un’icona capace di suscitare tensioni culturali e indurre il pubblico a reazioni di natura performativa e identitaria. Nonostante il suo crescente successo, però, Artemisia rimane ancora oggi una figura sfuggente e divisiva, data l’elusività e al contempo la pervasività del suo «immaginario polimorfico» (cfr. FUSILLO 2018). Se da una parte una tale dinamica dovrebbe portare la storia e la critica d’arte a ristabilirne una dimensione quanto più filologica e tangibile, dall’altra dovrebbe però anche indurre gli storici della cultura e i comparatisti a indagare a fondo il senso di una simile «metamorfosi», senza che queste due spinte critiche finiscano per annullarsi a vicenda, nella (falsa) convinzione di avere rispettivamente l’esclusiva sull’artista. Nella consapevolezza che la fortuna odierna di Artemisia non possa essere compresa attraverso un approccio unicamente «archeologico» o «anacronistico», ma occorra piuttosto alternarli come nel movimento ermeneutico descritto dall’«impronta» di Didi-Huberman (2009), la struttura dell’elaborato si divide allora in due parti, una di carattere più diacronico e un’altra di impostazione più sincronica. Data questa premessa, l’itinerario proposto si propone di mostrare come il «potere iconico» di Artemisia non possa essere liquidato a una mera trovata femminista o un prodotto dell’industria culturale, ma sia determinato (anche) da ragioni più profonde, legate a quelle «guerre culturali» (cfr. MUIR 2008) che, nate proprio nel Seicento, caratterizzano ancora oggi il nostro tempo. La prima parte diacronica, intitolata Artemisia e Artemisie: dai documenti all’immaginario e ritorno si articolata in due capitoli. Il primo analizza Artemisia e il suo tempo, con particolare attenzione alla «postura» (cfr. MEIZOZ 2007) e al processo di «self-fashioning» (cfr. GREENBLATT 1980) femminile che portarono la pittrice ad affermarsi con grande autorità all’interno di un dominio, come la pittura, che era considerato allora appannaggio maschile, entrando in contatto inoltre con le più influenti figure politiche e culturali del Seicento, come ad esempio Galileo Galilei. In tal senso, la recente edizione critica delle lettere di Artemisia curata da Francesco Solinas (2011 e 2021) rappresenta un punto di riferimento imprescindibile per la tesi, che tenta di ripercorrere le tappe della lunga e apolide carriera dell’artista, articolata in contesti molto differenti fra loro come Roma, Firenze, Venezia, Napoli e Londra. Il secondo capitolo, invece, approfondisce Artemisia e il nostro tempo, svolgendo in maniera cronologica le fasi e le soluzioni di continuità della sua ricezione postuma, proponendone una prima sistematica periodizzazione: lo scivolamento della fortuna critica di Artemisia dal centro della scena politica e culturale del Seicento a centri periferici come quello pisano, nel Settecento; la «leggenda erotica» legata alla sua figura, che nasce durante il processo per stupro del 1612 e trova nella pubblicazione degli atti da parte di Bertolotti (1876) un punto di non ritorno per la stratificazione dell’immaginario di Artemisia; la riscoperta critica in epoca contemporanea nel segno del Caravaggismo ad opera di Longhi (1916), i cui toni problematici ne fanno però un «pioniere riluttante» (cfr. BENEDETTI 1999); l’«invenzione» di Artemisia come personaggio letterario moderno con il romanzo di Banti del 1947, grazie al quale la pittrice non è più concepibile solo come un personaggio storico, ma è divenuta a tutti gli effetti una «figura allegorica bloccata nella profondità del tempo» (BAZZOCCHI 2021); l’interessamento e il sistematico processo di riscoperta operato dal femminismo della seconda ondata negli anni Settanta e Ottanta, che fece dell’artista un vessillo delle proprie battaglie politiche e sociali; il processo di «finzionalizzazione» degli anni Novanta che ha visto un inedito proliferare di romanzi, opere teatrali, film ecc. dedicati alla pittrice (le cosiddette Artemisia fictions, cfr. LENT 2006), che segnano un’involuzione rispetto ai decenni precedenti sia da un punto di vista femminista che storiografico – perché dettate da dinamiche più funzionali a logiche drammaturgiche, come ad esempio l’erotizzazione del legame tra Artemisia e il suo stupratore Agostino Tassi, o l’edulcorazione di quello fra la pittrice e suo padre Orazio; l’accelerazione segnata dalla mostra del 2002 al Metropolitan Museum of Art di New York, dopo la quale Artemisia è stata eletta dal «New York Times» a “it” girl della stagione, ispirando contenuti sempre più eterogenei e trasversali dell’industria culturale; infine, l’ulteriore «capitale simbolico» (cfr. BOURDIEU) assunto da Artemisia dopo la nascita del #MeToo e la crescente diffusione dei social network. La seconda parte sincronica della tesi, intitolata Artemisia e l’ora della sua «leggibilità». Una «costellazione» critica: trauma, genere, transmedialità, prende spunto dai concetti benjaminiani di «immagine dialettica» e «leggibilità», declinati poi ulteriormente anche da Barthes e Didi-Huberman, nel tentativo di individuare in tre capitoli tematici le ragioni per cui proprio oggi, e non uno o due secoli fa, Artemisia e la sua opera sono giunte a «leggibilità» per «noi moderni» (cfr. BARTHES 1979). 1) La dimensione spettrale del trauma, intrinseca alla stessa vicenda privata della pittrice, che la tesi tenta di far emergere analizzando alcune Artemisia fictions di particolare interesse, lette alla luce dei Trauma Studies e dell’hantologie di Derrida. 2) La dimensione di genere che, attraverso le riflessioni di De Lauretis, Bal, Pollock, Mulvey, Kristeva ecc., l’elaborato applica ad alcuni dipinti di Artemisia che formalizzano in modalità differenti un nuovo rapporto (un «altrove») tra femminile e maschile: in particolare, la tesi analizza in tal senso Susanna e i vecchioni, Giuditta e Oloferne, Corisca e il satiro, Cristo e la Samaritana, Achille nel Palazzo di Licomede ed Ercole e Onfale. 3) La dimensione transmediale che sta assumendo il personaggio di Artemisia, che la rende una delle matrici mitopoietiche più prolifiche del terzo millennio, e dunque un caso di studio che potrebbe inserirsi a pieno titolo nel dibattito filosofico contemporaneo intorno alle potenzialità, e ai rischi, della narrazione mitica in senso progressista (cfr. CITTON 2013): a tal proposito la tesi indaga Artemisia in quanto archetipo del «personaggio della artista» sia nella produzione artistico-letteraria highbrow che middlebrow (cfr. HOLMES 2018); come strumento performativo nel «teatro della catastrofe» del celebre drammaturgo Howard Barker, che si è ispirato proprio alla pittrice per la sua pièce Scenes from an Execution; come «dispositivo ecfrastico» nel contesto dell’odierno pictorial turn; come «personaggio transmediale» della scena museale digitale contemporanea, oltre che come testimonial di innovative campagne pubblicitarie e vere e proprie politiche di brand activism. Nelle conclusioni, infine, la tesi cerca di inquadrare la figura della pittrice come un classico del nostro tempo. L’itinerario critico descritto mira dunque a sottolineare come occuparsi di un’artista del calibro di Artemisia significhi sempre metterla in relazione con il presente: al pari dei più luminosi astri che formano la «costellazione» genealogica attraverso cui orientiamo le nostre vite, Artemisia e la sua opera permettono di intravedere in filigrana l’evoluzione della cultura occidentale nel suo complesso, e quindi i caratteri di una storia che è inevitabilmente contemporanea. L’opera di Artemisia è un classico perché è stata, è e continuerà a essere l’opera di Artemisia, oggi.
Bassetti, E. (2024). Artemisia, oggi: genealogia transmediale di un'icona del nostro tempo [10.25434/edoardo-bassetti_phd2024-06-05].
Artemisia, oggi: genealogia transmediale di un'icona del nostro tempo
Edoardo Bassetti
2024-06-05
Abstract
This thesis investigates the reception and fictional works dedicated to the female painter Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1654ca), who has become in recent decades an icon capable of arousing cultural tensions and inducing audience reactions of a performative and identity-driven nature. Despite her growing success, however, Artemisia still remains an indefinable and divisive figure, given the elusiveness and at the same time the pervasiveness of her “polymorphic imagery” (cf. FUSILLO 2018). While such a dynamic should lead art history and art criticism to re-establish a more philological and tangible dimension of the painter, it should also, however, lead cultural historians and comparatists to thoroughly investigate the meaning of such a “metamorphosis”, avoiding that these two critical thrusts ending up cancelling each other out, in the (false) belief that they respectively have the exclusivity over the artist. In the awareness that Artemisia’s fortunes today cannot be understood through a solely “archaeological” or “anachronistic” approach, but rather it is necessary to alternate them as in the hermeneutic movement described by Didi-Huberman's “imprint” (2009), the structure of the paper is then divided into two parts, one of a more diachronic character and another of a more synchronic setting. Given this premise, the proposed itinerary aims to show how Artemisia’s “iconic power” cannot be dismissed to a mere feminist stunt or a product of the culture industry, but is determined (also) by deeper reasons, related to those “culture wars” (cf. MUIR 2008) that, born precisely in the seventeenth century, still characterize our time today. The first diachronic part, entitled Artemisia and Artemisias: from documents to the imagery and back is divided into two chapters. The first analyzes Artemisia and her time, that is, the “posture” (cf. MEIZOZ 2007) and the process of female “self-fashioning” (cf. GREENBLATT) that led the painter to assert herself with great authority within a domain such as painting, that was considered a male preserve at that time, coming also into contact with the most influential political and cultural figures of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo Galilei. In this sense, the recent critical edition of Artemisia’s letters edited by Francesco Solinas (2011 and 2021) is an indispensable reference point for the thesis, which attempts to retrace the stages of the artist’s long and stateless career, articulated in very different contexts such as Rome, Florence, Venice, Naples and London. The second chapter, on the other hand, delves into Artemisia and our time, unfolding in a chronological manner the phases and continuity solutions of her posthumous reception, proposing a first systematic periodization: the slippage of Artemisia’s critical fortune from the center of the political and cultural scene in the seventeenth century to peripheral centers such as that of Pisa in the eighteenth century; the “erotic legend” associated with her figure, which arose during the 1612 rape trial and found in the publication of the proceedings by Bertolotti (1876) a point of no return for the stratification of her imagery; the critical rediscovery in contemporary times under the sign of Caravaggism by Longhi (1916), whose problematic tones, however, make him a “reluctant pioneer” (cf. BENEDETTI 1999); the “invention” of Artemisia as a modern literary character with Banti’s novel (1947), thanks to which the painter is no longer conceivable only as a historical character, but has become an “allegorical figure stuck in the depths of time” (BAZZOCCHI 2021); the systematic process of rediscovery operated by second-wave feminism in the 1970s and 1980s, which made the artist a symbol of its own political and social battles; the “fictionalization” process of the 1990s that saw an unprecedented proliferation of novels, plays, films, etc. dedicated to the painter (the so-called Artemisia fictions, cf. LENT 2006), which mark a regression from the previous decades both from a feminist and a historiographical point of view – because they are dictated by dynamics more functional to dramaturgical logics, such as the eroticization of the relationship between Artemisia and her rapist Agostino Tassi, or the sweetening of that between the painter and her father Orazio; the acceleration marked by the 2002 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, after which Artemisia was elected by the “New York Times” as the ‘it’ girl of the season, inspiring increasingly heterogeneous and cross-cultural industry contents; and finally, the further “symbolic capital” (BOURDIEU) assumed by Artemisia after the emergence of #MeToo movement and the growing popularity of social networks. The second synchronic part of the thesis, entitled Artemisia and the Moment of her “Legibility”. A Critical “Constellation”: Trauma, Genre, Transmedia, takes its cue from the Benjaminian concepts of “dialectical image” and “legibility”, later also declined further by Barthes and Didi-Huberman, in an attempt to identify in three thematic chapters the reasons why just today, and not a century or two ago, Artemisia and her work have come to “legibility” for “us, moderns” (cf. BARTHES 1979). 1) The spectral dimension of trauma, intrinsic to the painter's own private biography, which the thesis attempts to bring out by analyzing some Artemisia fictions of particular interest, read in the light of Trauma Studies and Derrida’s hantologie. 2) The gendered dimension that, through the reflections of De Lauretis, Bal, Pollock, Mulvey, Kristeva, etc., the thesis applies to some of Artemisia’s paintings that formalize in different ways a new relationship (an “elsewhere”) between feminine and masculine: in particular, the thesis analyzes in this regard Susanna and the Elders, Judith and Holofernes, Corisca and the Satyr, Christ and the Samaritan Woman, Achilles in the Palace of Lycomedes and Hercules and Onphale. 3) Finally, the transmedia dimension that the character of Artemisia is taking on, which makes her one of the most prolific mythopoeic matrices of the third millennium, and thus a case study that could fit fully into the contemporary philosophical debate around the potentialities, and risks, of mythic narrative in a progressive sense (cf. CITTON 2013): in this respect, the thesis investigates Artemisia as an archetype of the “female artist’s character” in both highbrow and middlebrow artistic-literary production (cf. HOLMES 2018); as a performative tool in the “Theatre of Catastrophe” of the famous playwright Howard Barker, who was inspired precisely by the painter for his play Scenes from an Execution; as an “ekphrastic device” in the context of the recent pictorial turn; as a “transmedia character” of the contemporary digital museum scene, as well as a testimonial of innovative advertising campaigns and brand activism policies. Finally, in the conclusions, the thesis seeks to frame the figure of the painter as a classic of our time. Thus, the critical itinerary described aims to emphasize how dealing with an artist of Artemisia’s caliber always means relating her to the present: like the brightest stars that form the genealogical “constellation” through which we orient our lives, Artemisia and her work allow us to glimpse in watermark the evolution of Western culture as a whole, and thus the characteristics of a history that is inevitably contemporary. Artemisia’s oeuvre is a classic because it has been, is, and will continue to be the oeuvre of Artemisia, today.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1261934