ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These core symptoms, depending on the severity, can affect the person's functioning, profoundly modify the family structure in relational and emotional terms, and significantly influence parenting skills and resources. Parents of children with ADHD appear to perceive themselves as less competent and effective in educating and regulating their children. By adopting a systemic- transactional perspective, these attitudes can be interpreted as the result of a complex interactive system in which the unpredictable behavior of the children leads the adult to failures in the regulatory processes. At the same time, the parent- child relationship is often characterized by negative disciplinary behaviors and the use of dysfunctional educational strategies such as punishments; these practices influence the development of a «reactive-negative» style, characterized by high levels of control, authoritarianism and emotional reactions of anger and frustration. Parental cognitions also play an important role in these dynamics. Often understood as that set of knowledge, beliefs and expectations, parental cognitions can influence family perception and parental attributional styles. Families of children with ADHD tend to consider negative behaviors associated with internal factors of the child and, therefore, stable over time and controllable, and to interpret positive behaviors as caused by unstable external factors and, therefore, difficult to control. Faced with the challenges mentioned, families are called to redefine themselves in emotional, relational, educational and organizational terms in order to manage the growth processes of a child with ADHD, even through parental support interventions. In the light of these considerations, the research project "ADHD and the family: transformative approaches to parenting education" is aimed to understand how to promote transformative learning in parent education groups. Through a participatory research-action that involved twenty parents of children with ADHD, Parent Reflective Group (GRG) were developed and set up. The GRGs are aimed at supporting reflective practices on the frame of reference that regulate the interpretative mechanisms of the parents. Specifically, the parents participated in a training course organized in twelve sessions of about two hours each for a total of six months. The program focused on significance topics and issues to the participants such as: parental identity, parenting skills, understanding of the disorder, etc. Through group discussions and specific activities, the participants were encouraged to discuss their parenting experience and to seek solutions to the problems encountered. Findings highlight the transformative impact of Parenting Reflection Groups. The participants, with different degrees, reported a profound transformation in the meaning perspective and educational practices, which allowed them to increase their sense of effectiveness and competence, promoting a positive dynamic of personal and family well-being. Finally, the reduction of stressful situations, as well as the transformation of meanings, allowed them to actively experience a path of personal growth rarely experienced before, which had a positive effect on the relationship with their children.

L’ADHD è un disturbo del neurosviluppo caratterizzato da deficit nel controllo volontario dell’attenzione, da impulsività e da iperattività che, a seconda della gravità, può incidere sul funzionamento della persona influire significativamente sulle capacità e sulle risorse genitoriali e modificare profondamente l’assetto familiare in termini relazionali e affettivi. I genitori di bambini impulsivi e disattenti sembrano percepirsi meno competenti ed efficaci nell’educare e nel regolare i propri figli, manifestando basse aspettative rispetto alle loro capacità e competenze educative. Adottando una prospettiva sistemico-transazionale, tali atteggiamenti sono interpretabili come il risultato di una complessa dinamica relazionale in cui il comportamento del figlio porta l’adulto a sperimentare ripetuti fallimenti nei processi di regolazione. Al contempo, la relazione genitore-bambino è spesso caratterizzata da condotte disciplinari negative, contraddistinte dall’utilizzo di strategie educative disfunzionali con un frequente ricorso alle punizioni; ciò può influenzare lo sviluppo di uno stile «reattivo-negativo», contraddistinto da alti livelli di controllo, da autoritarismo e da reazioni emotive connotate da rabbia e frustrazione. In tali dinamiche, giocano un ruolo rilevante anche le cognizioni genitoriali, spesso intese come quell’insieme di conoscenze, credenze ed aspettative che circoscrivono le modalità d’interpretazione e gli stili attributivi che i familiari utilizzano per spiegare le cause di comportamenti o di eventi che si verificano nel loro ambiente. In particolare, le famiglie di bambini con ADHD tendono a considerare i comportamenti negativi associati a fattori interni al figlio e, dunque, stabili nel tempo e controllabili volontariamente, e ad interpretare i comportamenti positivi come causati da fattori esterni instabili e, dunque, difficilmente controllabili. Di fronte alle difficoltà e alle sfide menzionate, le famiglie sono chiamate a “ri- definire” se stesse in termini emotivo-relazionali, educativi ed organizzativi per poter gestire i processi di crescita di un figlio con ADHD. Emergono, dunque, specifici bisogni educativi familiari il cui soddisfacimento reclama l’attivazione di percorsi di supporto e di formazione capaci di sostenere i familiari nella gestione e nella regolazione delle condotte e dei comportamenti problematici dei figli, aiutandoli ad analizzare criticamente la loro esperienza e a ricercare nuovi significati alle dinamiche di parenting. In tale frangente si inserisce l’indagine “ADHD e famiglia: approcci trasformativi di educazione genitoriale” finalizzata a comprendere le modalità attraverso cui è possibile promuovere apprendimento trasformativo in gruppi di educazione per famiglie con figli iperattivi e impulsivi. Attraverso un percorso di ricerca-azione partecipativa che ha coinvolto venti genitori, sono stati elaborati e costituiti i Gruppi di Riflessione Genitoriale (GRG), uno specifico dispositivo formativo, finalizzato a promuovere e a sostenere pratiche riflessive per l’analisi critica delle cornici di riferimento, che regolano le pratiche di parenting: attraverso la discussione su tematiche significative individuate dalle famiglie e la predisposizione di specifiche attività, i partecipanti sono stati stimolati a riflettere, a discutere e a confrontarsi sulla propria esperienza genitoriale, ricercando attivamente soluzioni alle problematiche incontrate. I risultati ottenuti, attraverso l’utilizzo di differenti strumenti qualitativi, consentono di sostenere l’efficacia e l’impatto trasformativo dei Gruppi di Riflessione Genitoriale. I partecipanti al percorso formativo, con tempi, modalità e gradazioni differenti, hanno riferito una profonda trasformazione nelle prospettive di significato e nelle pratiche educative utilizzate, che ha consentito di accrescere il loro senso di efficacia e di competenza, alimentando una dinamica positiva di benessere personale e familiare. La riduzione delle situazioni stressanti, così come la trasformazione dei significati ha permesso loro di sperimentare attivamente un percorso di crescita personale raramente vissuto prima, che ha inciso positivamente sulla relazione con i figli.

Bullegas, D. (2023). ADHD e famiglie: prospettive trasformative di educazione genitoriale [10.25434/bullegas-daniele_phd2023].

ADHD e famiglie: prospettive trasformative di educazione genitoriale

BULLEGAS, DANIELE
2023-01-01

Abstract

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These core symptoms, depending on the severity, can affect the person's functioning, profoundly modify the family structure in relational and emotional terms, and significantly influence parenting skills and resources. Parents of children with ADHD appear to perceive themselves as less competent and effective in educating and regulating their children. By adopting a systemic- transactional perspective, these attitudes can be interpreted as the result of a complex interactive system in which the unpredictable behavior of the children leads the adult to failures in the regulatory processes. At the same time, the parent- child relationship is often characterized by negative disciplinary behaviors and the use of dysfunctional educational strategies such as punishments; these practices influence the development of a «reactive-negative» style, characterized by high levels of control, authoritarianism and emotional reactions of anger and frustration. Parental cognitions also play an important role in these dynamics. Often understood as that set of knowledge, beliefs and expectations, parental cognitions can influence family perception and parental attributional styles. Families of children with ADHD tend to consider negative behaviors associated with internal factors of the child and, therefore, stable over time and controllable, and to interpret positive behaviors as caused by unstable external factors and, therefore, difficult to control. Faced with the challenges mentioned, families are called to redefine themselves in emotional, relational, educational and organizational terms in order to manage the growth processes of a child with ADHD, even through parental support interventions. In the light of these considerations, the research project "ADHD and the family: transformative approaches to parenting education" is aimed to understand how to promote transformative learning in parent education groups. Through a participatory research-action that involved twenty parents of children with ADHD, Parent Reflective Group (GRG) were developed and set up. The GRGs are aimed at supporting reflective practices on the frame of reference that regulate the interpretative mechanisms of the parents. Specifically, the parents participated in a training course organized in twelve sessions of about two hours each for a total of six months. The program focused on significance topics and issues to the participants such as: parental identity, parenting skills, understanding of the disorder, etc. Through group discussions and specific activities, the participants were encouraged to discuss their parenting experience and to seek solutions to the problems encountered. Findings highlight the transformative impact of Parenting Reflection Groups. The participants, with different degrees, reported a profound transformation in the meaning perspective and educational practices, which allowed them to increase their sense of effectiveness and competence, promoting a positive dynamic of personal and family well-being. Finally, the reduction of stressful situations, as well as the transformation of meanings, allowed them to actively experience a path of personal growth rarely experienced before, which had a positive effect on the relationship with their children.
2023
Mura, Antonello
XXXVI
Bullegas, D. (2023). ADHD e famiglie: prospettive trasformative di educazione genitoriale [10.25434/bullegas-daniele_phd2023].
Bullegas, Daniele
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1251399