The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. These vaccines are composed of a weak saccharide antigen, usually represented by microbial polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, which is covalently bound to a carrier protein to increase its immunogenicity and trigger a T-dependent immune response, allowing thus the generation of high affinity antibodies and an immunological memory. The identification and characterization of saccharide epitopes essential for the recognition by protective antibodies are crucial for the new glycoconjugate vaccines design. The aim of my thesis was to study and identify the antigenic determinants of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Staphylococcus aureus serotypes 5 (CP5) and 8 (CP8) polysaccharides (PSs). Regarding the Hib project, after identifying the minimal saccharide length required for antibody recognition through competitive SPR experiments, the binding between antigen and a protective anti-Hib PS monoclonal antibody was characterized at the atomic level by a synergistic combination of STD-NMR and x-ray crystallography techniques, which identify DP2 as the ideal length for antibody binding. Next, an in vivo study confirmed that two repeating units represent the minimal immunogenic epitope of Hib PS. Studies on S. aureus have instead focused on evaluating how different variables can influence the immunogenicity of a glycoconjugate vaccine. Since variables such as saccharide chain length and degree of glycosylation showed a minor impact on immunogenicity, we focused on the role of O-acetyl (OAc), a functional group present in CP5 and CP8 PSs and demonstrated as essential for the generation of functional antibodies. Competitive SPR experiments with anti-CP5 and anti-CP8 polyclonal sera highlighted a greater importance of OAc for the recognition of CP8, while for CP5 it does not seem to have a critical impact. This different behavior could in part be explained by the different conformation of the two PSs observed in Molecular Dynamics experiments. Subsequently, the same SPR experiments performed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) allowed the identification of both CP5 and CP8 antibodies preferentially recognizing the O-acetylated epitope over the fully de-O-acetylated and vice versa. Functional studies on these mAbs revealed a possible correlation between functionality and O-acetylation, as the mAbs most closely related to the acetylated epitopes show greater functionality than those preferentially recognizing the de-O-acetylated epitopes. The study and characterization of different glycoconjugates variables represent a key step in the development of effective next-generation glycoconjugate vaccines.

Lo sviluppo e l'uso di vaccini glicoconiugati batterici hanno ridotto significativamente l'insorgenza di malattie potenzialmente fatali in bambini e adulti come batteriemia, meningite batterica e polmonite. Tali vaccini sono composti da un antigene saccaridico scarsamente immunogenico, solitamente rappresentato da polisaccaridi e oligosaccaridi microbici, che viene covalentemente legato ad una proteina trasportatrice (carrier) per aumentarne l’immunogenicità e convertire la risposta immunitaria da T-indipendent a T-dipendent, permettendo così la generazione di anticorpi ad alta affinità e la creazione di una memoria immunologica. L’identificazione e la caratterizzazione degli epitopi saccaridici essenziali per il riconoscimento di anticorpi protettivi sono di fondamentale importanza nella progettazione di nuovi ed efficaci vaccini glicoconiugati. Lo scopo della mia tesi è stato quello di studiare e identificare i determinanti antigenici dei polisaccaridi (PSs) di Haemophilus influenzae di tibo b (Hib) e Staphylococcus aureus CP5 e CP8. Per quanto riguarda il progetto di Hib, dopo aver identificato la lunghezza minima di saccaride necessaria per il riconoscimento anticorpale attraverso studi di competitive SPR, il legame tra antigene e un anticorpo monoclonale protettivo anti Hib PS è stato caratterizzato a livello atomico da una combinazione sinergica di tecniche che comprendono STD-NMR e cristallografia a raggi x, identificando nel DP2 la lunghezza ideale per il legame con l’anticorpo. Attraverso uno studio in vivo è stato poi possibile confermare che due unità ripetenti rappresentino l’epitopo minimo immunogenico. Gli studi su S. aureus si sono invece incentrati sulla valutazione di come diverse variabili possano influenzare l’immunogenicità di un vaccino glicoconiugato. Dopo aver inizialmente constatato tramite uno studio in vivo che variabili come lunghezza della catena saccaridica e grado di glicosilazione avevano un impatto minore sull’immunogenicità, ci siamo focalizzati sul ruolo dell’O-acetile, gruppo funzionale presente nel polisaccaride di CP5 e CP8 e dimostrato essere essenziale per la generazione di anticorpi funzionali. Esperimenti di competitive SPR con sieri policlonali anti-CP5 e anti-CP8 hanno evidenziato una maggiore importanza dell’OAc per il riconoscimento del CP8, mentre per il CP5 non sembra avere un impatto determinante. Questo diverso comportamento potrebbe in parte essere spiegato dalla diversa conformazione dei due PSs osservata in esperimenti di Dinamica Molecolare. Successivamente, gli stessi studi SPR fatti utilizzando anticorpi monoclonali hanno permesso di identificare sia per CP5 che per CP8 anticorpi riconoscenti preferenzialmente l’epitopo acetilato rispetto a quello de-O-acetilato e viceversa. Studi funzionali su questi mAbs hanno rivelato una possibile correlazione tra funzionalità e O-acetilazione, in quanto i monoclonali maggiormente affini all’epitopo acetilato hanno mostrano una funzionalità maggiore rispetto a quelli riconoscenti preferenzialmente l’epitopo de-O-acetilato. Lo studio e la caratterizzazione delle diverse variabili impattanti l’immunogenicità di un glicoconiugato rappresentano uno step chiave nello sviluppo di efficaci vaccini glicoconiugati di nuova generazione.

Nonne, F. (2022). IMPACT OF THE MULTIVALENT DISPLAY OF MINIMAL CARBOHYDRATE EPITOPES ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF GLYCOCONJUGATE VACCINE [10.25434/nonne-francesca_phd2022].

IMPACT OF THE MULTIVALENT DISPLAY OF MINIMAL CARBOHYDRATE EPITOPES ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF GLYCOCONJUGATE VACCINE

Nonne, Francesca
2022-01-01

Abstract

The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. These vaccines are composed of a weak saccharide antigen, usually represented by microbial polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, which is covalently bound to a carrier protein to increase its immunogenicity and trigger a T-dependent immune response, allowing thus the generation of high affinity antibodies and an immunological memory. The identification and characterization of saccharide epitopes essential for the recognition by protective antibodies are crucial for the new glycoconjugate vaccines design. The aim of my thesis was to study and identify the antigenic determinants of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Staphylococcus aureus serotypes 5 (CP5) and 8 (CP8) polysaccharides (PSs). Regarding the Hib project, after identifying the minimal saccharide length required for antibody recognition through competitive SPR experiments, the binding between antigen and a protective anti-Hib PS monoclonal antibody was characterized at the atomic level by a synergistic combination of STD-NMR and x-ray crystallography techniques, which identify DP2 as the ideal length for antibody binding. Next, an in vivo study confirmed that two repeating units represent the minimal immunogenic epitope of Hib PS. Studies on S. aureus have instead focused on evaluating how different variables can influence the immunogenicity of a glycoconjugate vaccine. Since variables such as saccharide chain length and degree of glycosylation showed a minor impact on immunogenicity, we focused on the role of O-acetyl (OAc), a functional group present in CP5 and CP8 PSs and demonstrated as essential for the generation of functional antibodies. Competitive SPR experiments with anti-CP5 and anti-CP8 polyclonal sera highlighted a greater importance of OAc for the recognition of CP8, while for CP5 it does not seem to have a critical impact. This different behavior could in part be explained by the different conformation of the two PSs observed in Molecular Dynamics experiments. Subsequently, the same SPR experiments performed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) allowed the identification of both CP5 and CP8 antibodies preferentially recognizing the O-acetylated epitope over the fully de-O-acetylated and vice versa. Functional studies on these mAbs revealed a possible correlation between functionality and O-acetylation, as the mAbs most closely related to the acetylated epitopes show greater functionality than those preferentially recognizing the de-O-acetylated epitopes. The study and characterization of different glycoconjugates variables represent a key step in the development of effective next-generation glycoconjugate vaccines.
2022
Romano, Maria Rosaria (GSK Vaccines)
Nonne, F. (2022). IMPACT OF THE MULTIVALENT DISPLAY OF MINIMAL CARBOHYDRATE EPITOPES ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF GLYCOCONJUGATE VACCINE [10.25434/nonne-francesca_phd2022].
Nonne, Francesca
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1203259