The placenta is an organ of fundamental importance for a successful pregnancy; it’s involved in cross-talk between mother and fetus, not only delivering essential oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby but also playing an active role in the synthesis and release of “information” factors in maternal and fetal circulation. Pregnancy is also known to suppress the inflammatory response in some autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis. These beneficial effects of pregnancy have always been traced back to the changes that the maternal immune system makes to accept new life. Of particular interest is the potential involvement of the placenta in the production of the decoy receptor Osteoprotegerin (OPG), which controls the binding of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) to its ligand (RANKL). However, the role of the placenta in the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis is currently elusive. We hypothesized that OPG secreted by the placenta could modulate the activity of the RANK/RANKL system and thus contribute to a positive pregnancy outcome. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the expression levels of OPG and RANKL in the physiological human placenta during gestation. To this end, fresh placental tissue and cultures of placental explants were collected at different times of gestation, to monitor changes in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system during pregnancy. We also focused on the placenta-brain axis, being central in pathological conditions associated with significant placental insufficiency, which represents a risk factor for the development of diseases related to the nervous system. We hypothesized that the placental secretome regulates the physiology of a particular type of glial cell: the astrocytes. Using human placenta explants conditioned media, we investigate the astrocyte response following their activation towards an inflammatory phenotype. In vitro studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the placenta in the production and release of OPG. Furthermore, we found that OPG levels were higher in maternal blood than in cord blood and they increase as pregnancy progresses, reaching maximum levels at the end of gestation. The results for soluble RANKL (sRANKL) showed an increase in serum during pregnancy but no change in its production by the placenta. Concerning the analysis conducted on the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis, we can highlight that the levels of sRANKL remain high, both in pregnancy and not. Interesting is the behaviour of the molecule OPG, whose levels increase in pregnancy going to balance the high levels of sRANKL. Finally, by analysing the gene expression of in vitro activated astrocytes towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines was seen, which returned to physiological levels when treated with placental secretome containing 'protective' molecules such as OPG.

La placenta è un organo di fondamentale importanza per il successo della gravidanza; è coinvolta nel dialogo tra la madre e il feto, non solo fornendo ossigeno e nutrienti essenziali al bambino in via di sviluppo, ma ha anche un ruolo attivo nella sintesi e nel rilascio di fattori nella circolazione materna e fetale. La gravidanza è anche nota per sopprimere la risposta infiammatoria in alcune malattie autoimmuni, come ad esempio la sclerosi multipla. Questi effetti benefici della gravidanza sono sempre stati ricondotti ai cambiamenti che il sistema immunitario materno mette in atto per accettare la nuova vita, ma ben poco sappiamo sul ruolo della placenta. Di particolare interesse è il potenziale coinvolgimento della placenta nella produzione del recettore esca Osteoprotegerina (OPG), che controlla il legame del recettore “receptor activator of NF-kB” (RANK) con il suo ligando (RANKL). Tuttavia, il ruolo della placenta nell'asse RANK/RANKL/OPG è elusivo e poco chiaro. Questo lavoro di tesi mira a determinare i livelli di espressione di OPG e RANKL nella placenta umana durante la gestazione. E’ stato ipotizzato che l’OPG secreto dalla placenta potesse modulare l'attività del sistema RANK/RANKL e quindi contribuire ad un esito positivo della gravidanza. Gli studi in vitro sono stati eseguiti utilizzando tessuto placentare fresco e colture di espianti placentari per monitorare i cambiamenti nel sistema RANK/RANKL/OPG durante la gravidanza. Abbiamo dimostrato che la gravidanza a termine della gestazione influenza l'equilibrio tra il RANKL circolante e il suo inibitore endogeno OPG nelle donne con sclerosi multipla. Abbiamo anche scoperto che la placenta a termine è una fonte inestimabile di OPG dimerico, noto per esercitare la massima attività come recettore esca. E’ stata posta poi l’attenzione sull'asse placenta-cervello, essendo centrale in condizioni associate a una significativa insufficienza placentare, che rappresenta un fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo di malattie legate al sistema nervoso. L’ipotesi è che il secretoma placentare possa regolare la fisiologia di un particolare tipo di cellule gliali: gli astrociti. Attraverso studi funzionali sugli astrociti, abbiamo dimostrato che l’OPG placentare sopprime l'espressione genica di alcune chemochine responsabili del reclutamento dei linfociti Th17 promuovendo l’infiammazione. Sulla base di questi risultati è possibile affermare che la placenta sia fonte di fattori "protettivi" come l’OPG, che questa sia una molecola cruciale per il riconosciuto effetto benefico della tarda gravidanza sulla sclerosi multipla e che abbia una potenziale utilità per lo sviluppo di nuovi e più efficaci approcci terapeutici.

Passaponti, S. (2022). The role of the placenta on the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis: a glance at Multiple Sclerosis [10.25434/passaponti-sofia_phd2022].

The role of the placenta on the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis: a glance at Multiple Sclerosis

Passaponti, Sofia
2022-01-01

Abstract

The placenta is an organ of fundamental importance for a successful pregnancy; it’s involved in cross-talk between mother and fetus, not only delivering essential oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby but also playing an active role in the synthesis and release of “information” factors in maternal and fetal circulation. Pregnancy is also known to suppress the inflammatory response in some autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis. These beneficial effects of pregnancy have always been traced back to the changes that the maternal immune system makes to accept new life. Of particular interest is the potential involvement of the placenta in the production of the decoy receptor Osteoprotegerin (OPG), which controls the binding of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) to its ligand (RANKL). However, the role of the placenta in the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis is currently elusive. We hypothesized that OPG secreted by the placenta could modulate the activity of the RANK/RANKL system and thus contribute to a positive pregnancy outcome. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the expression levels of OPG and RANKL in the physiological human placenta during gestation. To this end, fresh placental tissue and cultures of placental explants were collected at different times of gestation, to monitor changes in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system during pregnancy. We also focused on the placenta-brain axis, being central in pathological conditions associated with significant placental insufficiency, which represents a risk factor for the development of diseases related to the nervous system. We hypothesized that the placental secretome regulates the physiology of a particular type of glial cell: the astrocytes. Using human placenta explants conditioned media, we investigate the astrocyte response following their activation towards an inflammatory phenotype. In vitro studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the placenta in the production and release of OPG. Furthermore, we found that OPG levels were higher in maternal blood than in cord blood and they increase as pregnancy progresses, reaching maximum levels at the end of gestation. The results for soluble RANKL (sRANKL) showed an increase in serum during pregnancy but no change in its production by the placenta. Concerning the analysis conducted on the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis, we can highlight that the levels of sRANKL remain high, both in pregnancy and not. Interesting is the behaviour of the molecule OPG, whose levels increase in pregnancy going to balance the high levels of sRANKL. Finally, by analysing the gene expression of in vitro activated astrocytes towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines was seen, which returned to physiological levels when treated with placental secretome containing 'protective' molecules such as OPG.
2022
Passaponti, S. (2022). The role of the placenta on the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis: a glance at Multiple Sclerosis [10.25434/passaponti-sofia_phd2022].
Passaponti, Sofia
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1202797