Background. Olea europaea is one of the most ancient trees of the Mediterranean region. Olive leaf extracts (OLE) have aroused interest in researchers from different scientific disciplines mainly due to the distinctive phenolic composition allegedly related to potent biological activities. Objectives. The aim of the present s study was to evaluate: A) the properties of OLE extracted from the Tuscan Olea europaea to protect endothelial cells against oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 2D culture and innovative 3D scaffold (P(VDF-TrFE)); B) to investigate the antimicrobial effect of OLE versus Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) technology or their combination against pathogens, i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua, grown to exponential (24h) or stationary (6h) phase; C) to characterize electrospun OLE-loaded PHBHV based composite fibers for wound healing applications; D) to evaluate the ability of OLE incorporated in Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) fibers to modulate the release of cytokines from healthy Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: OLE total polyphenols (TPs) were characterized by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Endothelial cells were grown in conventional cultures (two-dimensional, 2D) and on three-dimensional scaffold fabricated via electrospinning. Cell viability and ROS production after H2O2 insults were evaluated by WST-1, AlamarBlue and Probe CM-H2DCFDA assays. The E.coli, S.aureus and L.innocua growth were assessed by CFU/mL and CAP methods; Real-time polymer chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis was performed to discriminate the chemical composition in both electrospun fibers. Moreover, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) to allow biodegradation analysis, SEM microscopy to study fiber morphology and HPLC to carry out the release study, were performed. Results: OLE TP content was 23.29 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, and oleuropein was the principal compound. The dose-dependent viability curve highlighted the absence of significant cytotoxic effects at OLE concentrations below 250 μg GAE/ml TPs. OLE preconditioning at 100 μg GAE/ml was protective against ROS in both models. The combination of CAP and OLE resulted in substantial microbial inactivation against all strains at exponential phase showing a complete inactivation. OLE possess a significant anti-inflammatory activity, downregulating the expression of all proinflammatory cytokines, upregulating IL-8, IL- 1α and TNF-α in HaCaT model. Conclusion. OLE possess a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; PHBHV+OLE retains OLE beneficial effects and represents a high-value 3D scaffold with great potential in tissue regeneration. CAP and OLE have synergistic antibacterial activity; therefore, CAP technology in combination with OLE can be utilized for effective decontamination when required for example in wound healing and biomedical devices.

Introduzione. L'Olea europaea è uno degli alberi più antichi della regione mediterranea. Gli estratti di foglie di olivo (Olive Leaf Extracts, OLE) hanno suscitato interesse nei ricercatori di diverse discipline scientifiche principalmente a causa della particolare composizione fenolica, presumibilmente correlata alla sua potente attività biologica. Obiettivi. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato valutare: a) le proprietà degli OLE di Olea europaea Toscana per proteggere le cellule endoteliali dallo stress ossidativo generato dalle specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS), sia in coltura 2D sia in innovativi scaffold 3D (P (VDF-TrFE)); b) studiare l'effetto antimicrobico di OLE rispetto alla tecnologia Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP), o la loro combinazione, contro agenti patogeni, ad esempio Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria innocua, cresciuti a livello esponenziale o in fase stazionaria; c) caratterizzare fibre composite elettrofilate a base di PHBHV caricate con OLE per applicazioni nella guarigione delle ferite; d) valutare la capacità di OLE incorporato nelle fibre di poliidrossialcanoati (PHA) di modulare il rilascio di citochine da cheratinociti umani sani (HaCaT). Metodi: I polifenoli totali (total polyphenols, TP) di OLE sono stati caratterizzati con il metodo di Folin-Ciocalteu. Le cellule endoteliali sono state coltivate in colture convenzionali (cioè bidimensionali, 2D) e su impalcature tridimensionali fabbricate tramite elettrofilatura. La vitalità cellulare e la misurazione dei ROS dopo lo stress indotto da H2O2 sono state eseguite tramite WST-1, alamar Blue e la sonda CM-H2DCFDA per ROS. La crescita di E. coli, S. aureus e L. innocua è stata valutata mediante il test di unità (CFU) formanti colonie (espressa in CFU/ml) e CAP. È stata eseguita la reazione a catena della polimerasi in tempo reale (real-time PCR) per valutare le proprietà immunomodulatorie; analisi di spettroscopia infrarossa in trasformata di Fourier (FT-IR), per discriminare la composizione chimica in entrambe le fibre elettrofilate; cromatografia a permeazione su gel (GPC) per consentire l'analisi della biodegradazione; microscopia SEM per lo studio della morfologia delle fibre ed in fine, HPLC per eseguire lo studio di rilascio. Risultati: il contenuto in TP di OLE era 23,29 mg di acido gallico equivalente (GAE)/g e l'oleuropeina era il composto principale. La curva di vitalità dose-dipendente ha evidenziato l'assenza di effetti citotossici significativi a concentrazioni di OLE inferiori a 250 μg GAE/ml di TP. Il pretrattamento di 100 μg GAE/ml di TP di OLE ha avuto effetti protettivi sullo stress ossidativo indotto da H2O2 in entrambi i modelli (2D e 3D). La combinazione di CAP e OLE ha determinato una sostanziale inattivazione microbica contro tutti i ceppi in fase esponenziale mostrando una completa inattivazione. OLE ha dimostrato una significativa attività antinfiammatoria, sottoregolando l'espressione di tutte le citochine proinfiammatorie e sovraregolando IL-8, IL-1α e TNF-α nel modello HaCaT. Conclusione: OLE possiede una significativa attività antiossidante e antinfiammatoria; la fibra a base di PHBHV + OLE preserva gli effetti benefici di OLE e rappresenta uno scaffold 3D di alto valore con un grande potenziale nella rigenerazione dei tessuti. CAP e OLE possiedono un'attività antibatterica sinergica; pertanto, la tecnologia CAP in combinazione con OLE può essere utilizzata per una decontaminazione efficace, ad esempio nella guarigione delle ferite ed in dispositivi biomedicali.

De la Ossa Guerra, J.G. (2021). Autochthonous tuscan olive leaves (Olea europaea var. Olivastra seggianesse) as antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory source for biomedicine and tissue engineering [10.25434/de-la-ossa-guerra-jose-gustavo_phd2021].

Autochthonous tuscan olive leaves (Olea europaea var. Olivastra seggianesse) as antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory source for biomedicine and tissue engineering

De la Ossa Guerra, Jose Gustavo
2021-01-01

Abstract

Background. Olea europaea is one of the most ancient trees of the Mediterranean region. Olive leaf extracts (OLE) have aroused interest in researchers from different scientific disciplines mainly due to the distinctive phenolic composition allegedly related to potent biological activities. Objectives. The aim of the present s study was to evaluate: A) the properties of OLE extracted from the Tuscan Olea europaea to protect endothelial cells against oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 2D culture and innovative 3D scaffold (P(VDF-TrFE)); B) to investigate the antimicrobial effect of OLE versus Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) technology or their combination against pathogens, i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua, grown to exponential (24h) or stationary (6h) phase; C) to characterize electrospun OLE-loaded PHBHV based composite fibers for wound healing applications; D) to evaluate the ability of OLE incorporated in Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) fibers to modulate the release of cytokines from healthy Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: OLE total polyphenols (TPs) were characterized by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Endothelial cells were grown in conventional cultures (two-dimensional, 2D) and on three-dimensional scaffold fabricated via electrospinning. Cell viability and ROS production after H2O2 insults were evaluated by WST-1, AlamarBlue and Probe CM-H2DCFDA assays. The E.coli, S.aureus and L.innocua growth were assessed by CFU/mL and CAP methods; Real-time polymer chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis was performed to discriminate the chemical composition in both electrospun fibers. Moreover, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) to allow biodegradation analysis, SEM microscopy to study fiber morphology and HPLC to carry out the release study, were performed. Results: OLE TP content was 23.29 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, and oleuropein was the principal compound. The dose-dependent viability curve highlighted the absence of significant cytotoxic effects at OLE concentrations below 250 μg GAE/ml TPs. OLE preconditioning at 100 μg GAE/ml was protective against ROS in both models. The combination of CAP and OLE resulted in substantial microbial inactivation against all strains at exponential phase showing a complete inactivation. OLE possess a significant anti-inflammatory activity, downregulating the expression of all proinflammatory cytokines, upregulating IL-8, IL- 1α and TNF-α in HaCaT model. Conclusion. OLE possess a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; PHBHV+OLE retains OLE beneficial effects and represents a high-value 3D scaffold with great potential in tissue regeneration. CAP and OLE have synergistic antibacterial activity; therefore, CAP technology in combination with OLE can be utilized for effective decontamination when required for example in wound healing and biomedical devices.
2021
Danti, Serena
De la Ossa Guerra, J.G. (2021). Autochthonous tuscan olive leaves (Olea europaea var. Olivastra seggianesse) as antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory source for biomedicine and tissue engineering [10.25434/de-la-ossa-guerra-jose-gustavo_phd2021].
De la Ossa Guerra, Jose Gustavo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1140072