In the XIIIth Century, one of the most successful literary genres was that of Arthurian prose romances: a “petit cycle” of the Holy Grail, first in verse, then in prose, attributed to Robert de Boron; soon to be followed by the Lancelot and the Tristan cycles, then, by Guiron le Courtois; last, but not least, thirty years later, a Venetian author who calls himself Richard d’Irlande penned the Prophéties de Merlin, a novel in which he shows an exceptionnal creativity. Follow two centuries of relative stillness before the diffusion, at the end of the XVth Century, of the last major arthurian cycles: Ysaÿe le Triste and Perceforest. The lack of production of new arthurian texts between the end of the XIIIth and that of the XVth Century does not equal to its lack of success. On the contrary, an abundant production of manuscripts, sometimes de luxe, sometimes not quite, together with the printing of most arthurian romances at the end of the XVth Century and at the beginning of the XVIth, demonstrate the presence of numerous potential readers. In the same period, we see the creation of “vulgate versions” of both Tristan and Guiron, as well as the setting up of anthologies like Rustichello da Pisa’s Arthurian compilation (and its little sister, the Aventures des Bruns, or guironian compilation). Finally, the success of Arthurian romances can also be observed in some of the dramaturgic representations that fancied the aristocracy, especially in Flemish and Burgundian knights’ pas d’armes. Those centuries are also a time of medieval encyclopedism, of which we could find echoes in the various attempts to set up Arthurian summae that could embrace the essence of all preexistant materials: for instance, the exceptionnal ms. Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 112. The development of Arthurian cycles, from the end of the XIIth Century to the beginning of the Renaissance, has been thoroughly studied, from the first trials of Gaston Paris’ students to the most recent research of Patrick Moran or Noémie Chardonnens, through the fascinating reconstructions of Fanni Bogdanow or Cedric Pickford. But all of those comments on the genesis and development of Arthurian French prose romances still face a major issue: we’re lacking a thorough knowledge of the genealogy of the manuscript tradition, and this lack of documentation means it is only possible to study those texts either by using a critical edition, or by studying each manuscript as a single semiotic object. The present thesis proposes an attempt to overstep the limits of those approaches with a case study, that of the intercyclical transmission of Alexandre l’Orphelin and of the Tournoi de Sorelois, two little sets of episodes originally part of the Prophéties de Merlin, that were included in the fourth version of the Prose Tristan, in the continuations written in two mss of Guiron le Courtois, and in the ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 112. We then aim to compare it with another cases of intercyclical interpolation: on the one hand, the interpolation of Agravain parts into the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. To do so, we will resort to a strictly philological approach, whose results will then allow us to draw a few hypothesis about the creation and the diffusion of cycles and their continuations, from a narratological point of view. The present thesis will be structurated as follows. After a first, introductive, chapter dedicated to the status quaestionis of our knowledge about the diffusion of Arthurian cycles, with a focus on its strenghts as well as its limits, we will offer another status quaestionis for each of the three Arthurian romances we have chosen to study: Les Prophéties de Merlin, Guiron le Courtois, and the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. We will then attempt to outline a stemma codicum, first for Alexandre l’Orphelin and the Tournoi de Sorelois, which are at the center of our preoccupations, then, relying on a few loci critici carefully selected, for the late versions of the Prose Tristan and for the Prophéties de Merlin. The results of those studies, although fragmentary, will then allow us to study the intercyclical diffusion of Alexandre l’Orphelin and the Tournoi de Sorelois in a way that could also take into account the potential interventions of the textual tradition when facing the insertion of an external, foreign, narrative. We will thereafter compare them to some other considerations that the status of our knowledge will allow us to put forward on the interpolation of excerpts from Prose Erec in the Flemish Continuation of Guiron le Courtois from ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 358-363, and also on the interpolation of parts of the Agravain into the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. We will then conclude our work with a few reflexions about the potentialities of a stemmatical approach of Arthurian cycles, hoping that other studies will complete ours. Because our thesis is about experimentation: we wanted to try to reconcile two approaches that are too often distinct, i. e. the narratological study and the filological reconstruction of the same text, to see what kind of information could result of such a research in a field that was until a few years ago particularly closed to lachmannism. We do not claim to renew the whole approach of transfictionnality and intercyclicity, or that of the formation of Arthurian cycles, but, simply, to see how a deeper knowledge of the ways the textual tradition did grow could help us understand it better.
Il Duecento letterario francese è percorso dalla moda dei romanzi arturiani in prosa: inanzitutto, dopo i romanzi in versi di Chrétien, vi è il “petit cycle” del Graal, prima in versi, poi in prosa, attribuito a Robert de Boron; questo sarà presto seguito dal ciclo di Lancelot e di quello di Tristan en prose e del Guiron le Courtois; infine, trent’anni dopo, sarà scritto da un Veneziano sotto lo pseudonimo di Richard d’Irlande, le Prophéties de Merlin, un romanzo dalla straordinaria creatività. Fa seguito un periodo di relativa “calma” prima della diffusione, alla fine del Quattrocento, degli ultimi cicli arturiani in prosa francese: Ysaÿe le Triste e Perceforest. La produzione ridotta di materiale arturiano tra la fine del Duecento e del Quattrocento, benché tradisca uno stallo creativo, non si accompagna alla mancanza di interesse suscitata dalla materia arturiana: anzi, un’ampia produzione manoscritta, a volte di lusso, a volte più umile, assiemme al passaggio alla stampa dei grandi cicli arturiani tra Quattro- e Cinquecento, tradiscono la presenza di un pubblico ancora ben nutrito. Quest’epoca vide anche la costituzione delle « versioni vulgate » sia del Tristan che del Guiron, la composizione di suites e di riscritture, e l’elaborazione di compilazione arturiane, tra cui l’ormai famosissima compilazione arturiana (assieme alla sorella minore, la compilazione guironiana) di Rustichello da Pisa. Infine, la moda dei romanzi arturiani si manifesta anche in alcune rappresentazioni teatrali, in particolare nei pas d’armes dell’aristocrazia borgognona e fiamminga. Si tratta anche di una delle epoche più importanti per l’enciclopedismo medioevale, di cui si scorge un riflesso nei tentativi di costituire delle summae arturiane in cui confluisce tutta la materia pre-esistente. Un esempio è costituito dall’eccezionale ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 112. Lo sviluppo dei cicli arturiani, dalla fine del secolo XII all’alba del Rinascimento francese, è stato oggetto di numerosissimi lavori, dai primi tentativi degli studenti di Gaston Paris fino alle ricerche più recenti, come quelle di Patrick Moran o Noémie Chardonnens, passando per le notevoli ricostruzioni di Fanni Bogdanow o di Cedric Pickford. Ma tutti questi commenti sulla genesi e lo sviluppo della materia arturiana in prosa francese s’imbattono in un ostacolo maggiore: la mancanza di un dato fondamentale, ossia una conoscenza precisa della genealogia dei manoscritti, senza la quale è solo possibile fornire un commento basandosi sulle edizioni critiche o sull’esame di ciascun testimone in quanto oggetto semiotico isolato. La nostra tesi, erede dell’esperienza del Gruppo Guiron, propone quindi un tentativo di andare oltre i limiti di questi approcci, provando ad affrontare il caso della fortuna interciclica di Alexandre l’Orphelin e del Tournoi de Sorelois, due piccole serie di episodi tratti dalle Prophéties de Merlin ed inserite nella quarta versione del Tristan en prose, nelle continuazioni di due testimoni di Guiron le Courtois e nel ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 112, che proveremo a confrontare con altri due casi di interpolazione interciclica dello stesso tipo: l’interpolazione di estratti dell’Agravain nelle terza e quarta versioni del Tristan en prose, da un lato, e, dall’altro, l’interpolazione dell’Erec en prose borgognone nel ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 358-363. Per raggiungere quest’obiettivo, abbiamo fatto ricorso innanzitutto ad un approccio strettamente filologico, i cui risultati ci hanno consentito di proporre qualche ipotesi relativa alla costituzione ed alla diffusione dei cicli e delle loro suites, da un punto di vista più narratologico e poetico. Questa tesi è strutturata come segue. Dopo un primo capitolo, introduttivo, dedicato allo status quæstionis delle nostre conoscenze sulla diffusione dei cicli arturiani, con un focus sulle sue forze e sui suoi limiti, abbiamo proposto un ulteriore stato dell’arte relativo ai cicli arturiani che abbiamo scelto come oggetto di studio: le Prophéties de Merlin, Guiron le Courtois e le terza e quarta versioni del Tristan en prose. Dopodiché, abbiamo tentato di stabilire uno stemma codicum, prima per i testi al centro del nostro studio (Alexandre l’Orphelin e Tournoi de Sorelois), poi, basandosi su alcuni loci critici selezionati secondo criteri esplicitati, per le versioni tardive del Tristan en prose e delle Prophéties de Merlin. I risultati di questi studi, per forza parziali, ci hanno consentito poi di studiare, benché con conoscenze parziali, la diffusione interciclica di Alexandre l’Orphelin e del Tournoi de Sorelois in un modo che permetta di prendere in considerazione gli interventi della tradizione testuale di fronte all’inserzione di un racconto esterno, allogeno. Li abbiamo poi confrontati ad alcune considerazioni che lo stato delle nostre conoscenze ci consente di formulare sull’interpolazione di estratti dell’Agravain nelle terza e quarta versioni del Tristan en prose. Concluderemo quindi il nostro lavoro con qualche considerazione sul potenziale che contiene un approccio più stemmatologico della ciclicità arturiana, nella speranza che altri studi possano completare il nostro. Infatti, il nostro lavoro è soprattutto un esperimento: si trattava inanzitutto di provare a tenere finalmente insieme due metodi troppo spesso tenuti distinti, ossia lo studio narratologico e l’approccio filologico, e di riflettere sulle osservazioni che potrebbero risultarne. Il nostro lavoro non pretende di rinnovare del tutto l’approccio della transfinzionalità e dell’interciclicità arturiane, senza parlare della costituzione dei cicli arturiani, ma, semplicemente, di vedere in che modo una conoscenza precisa dello sviluppo della tradizione testuale potrebbe aiutare a considerarla.
Winand, V. (2020). Dynamiques d'intercyclicité dans quelques sommes arthuriennes en moyen français. Un nouvel essai de stemmatologie arthurienne..
Dynamiques d'intercyclicité dans quelques sommes arthuriennes en moyen français. Un nouvel essai de stemmatologie arthurienne.
veronique winand
2020-01-01
Abstract
In the XIIIth Century, one of the most successful literary genres was that of Arthurian prose romances: a “petit cycle” of the Holy Grail, first in verse, then in prose, attributed to Robert de Boron; soon to be followed by the Lancelot and the Tristan cycles, then, by Guiron le Courtois; last, but not least, thirty years later, a Venetian author who calls himself Richard d’Irlande penned the Prophéties de Merlin, a novel in which he shows an exceptionnal creativity. Follow two centuries of relative stillness before the diffusion, at the end of the XVth Century, of the last major arthurian cycles: Ysaÿe le Triste and Perceforest. The lack of production of new arthurian texts between the end of the XIIIth and that of the XVth Century does not equal to its lack of success. On the contrary, an abundant production of manuscripts, sometimes de luxe, sometimes not quite, together with the printing of most arthurian romances at the end of the XVth Century and at the beginning of the XVIth, demonstrate the presence of numerous potential readers. In the same period, we see the creation of “vulgate versions” of both Tristan and Guiron, as well as the setting up of anthologies like Rustichello da Pisa’s Arthurian compilation (and its little sister, the Aventures des Bruns, or guironian compilation). Finally, the success of Arthurian romances can also be observed in some of the dramaturgic representations that fancied the aristocracy, especially in Flemish and Burgundian knights’ pas d’armes. Those centuries are also a time of medieval encyclopedism, of which we could find echoes in the various attempts to set up Arthurian summae that could embrace the essence of all preexistant materials: for instance, the exceptionnal ms. Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 112. The development of Arthurian cycles, from the end of the XIIth Century to the beginning of the Renaissance, has been thoroughly studied, from the first trials of Gaston Paris’ students to the most recent research of Patrick Moran or Noémie Chardonnens, through the fascinating reconstructions of Fanni Bogdanow or Cedric Pickford. But all of those comments on the genesis and development of Arthurian French prose romances still face a major issue: we’re lacking a thorough knowledge of the genealogy of the manuscript tradition, and this lack of documentation means it is only possible to study those texts either by using a critical edition, or by studying each manuscript as a single semiotic object. The present thesis proposes an attempt to overstep the limits of those approaches with a case study, that of the intercyclical transmission of Alexandre l’Orphelin and of the Tournoi de Sorelois, two little sets of episodes originally part of the Prophéties de Merlin, that were included in the fourth version of the Prose Tristan, in the continuations written in two mss of Guiron le Courtois, and in the ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 112. We then aim to compare it with another cases of intercyclical interpolation: on the one hand, the interpolation of Agravain parts into the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. To do so, we will resort to a strictly philological approach, whose results will then allow us to draw a few hypothesis about the creation and the diffusion of cycles and their continuations, from a narratological point of view. The present thesis will be structurated as follows. After a first, introductive, chapter dedicated to the status quaestionis of our knowledge about the diffusion of Arthurian cycles, with a focus on its strenghts as well as its limits, we will offer another status quaestionis for each of the three Arthurian romances we have chosen to study: Les Prophéties de Merlin, Guiron le Courtois, and the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. We will then attempt to outline a stemma codicum, first for Alexandre l’Orphelin and the Tournoi de Sorelois, which are at the center of our preoccupations, then, relying on a few loci critici carefully selected, for the late versions of the Prose Tristan and for the Prophéties de Merlin. The results of those studies, although fragmentary, will then allow us to study the intercyclical diffusion of Alexandre l’Orphelin and the Tournoi de Sorelois in a way that could also take into account the potential interventions of the textual tradition when facing the insertion of an external, foreign, narrative. We will thereafter compare them to some other considerations that the status of our knowledge will allow us to put forward on the interpolation of excerpts from Prose Erec in the Flemish Continuation of Guiron le Courtois from ms. Paris, BnF, fr. 358-363, and also on the interpolation of parts of the Agravain into the third and fourth versions of the Prose Tristan. We will then conclude our work with a few reflexions about the potentialities of a stemmatical approach of Arthurian cycles, hoping that other studies will complete ours. Because our thesis is about experimentation: we wanted to try to reconcile two approaches that are too often distinct, i. e. the narratological study and the filological reconstruction of the same text, to see what kind of information could result of such a research in a field that was until a few years ago particularly closed to lachmannism. We do not claim to renew the whole approach of transfictionnality and intercyclicity, or that of the formation of Arthurian cycles, but, simply, to see how a deeper knowledge of the ways the textual tradition did grow could help us understand it better.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1105006
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