Immune aging of men and women: Different susceptibility to infectious diseases and different response to vaccines

The immune system evolves with age, exhibiting distinct patterns in men and women influenced by genetic, hormonal (i.e., sex factors), environmental, behavioral, and social factors (i.e., gender factors). These differences impact the ability to combat infections and respond to immune-based therapies like vaccines. Women tend to be more susceptible to certain infections but show greater resilience against others, such as COVID-19. Conversely, they are more likely to experience stronger adverse effects to vaccines. All the variations contribute to the concept of “immunobiography,” which encapsulates the cumulative effects of individual life experiences and exposures on immune system function. Recognizing these differences is essential for developing tailored medical interventions that address immune challenges and disparities in aging populations, ultimately improving health outcomes across diverse demographics.