Tuberculosis of superficial lymph nodes, a not so rare event to consider in diagnosis. A case in an elderly male

Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the most frequent infectious diseases worldwide. Until the 1990s, Western European countries showed a low frequency of TB infection, but the rise of immigration has led to a rapid increase in its occurrence. In the elderly, TB is emerging as a significant health problem (age-related decline of the cell-mediated immunity, associated illnesses, use of immunosuppressive drugs, malnutrition, poor life conditions), although its detection and diagnosis is not easy also considering its subclinical presentation. Almost 70% of all TB infections in Italy are found in the lungs; 50% of the extrapulmonary infections affect lymph nodes. Due to the low incidence of superficial tuberculous lymphadenitis without pulmonary manifestations, the possibility of a TB aetiology is often not taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, resulting in significant delay of appropriate treatment. Herein, we describe the case of a 78-year-old male with nocturnal fever, weakness, night sweats, loss of weight and decay in general condition. The patient had a past medical history of prostate adenocarcinoma treated with hormone therapy. The past medical history in association with clinical findings and laboratory data (anaemia, high titers of fibrinogen and reactive C-protein) led to the suspect of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Only histological and molecular biology findings allowed us to make a correct diagnosis of TB.